<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307</id><updated>2012-01-24T12:14:35.042-08:00</updated><title type='text'>HERMAN DOOYEWEERD</title><subtitle type='html'>"O filósofo mais profundo, inovador e penetrante desde Kant" - Giorgio Delvecchio</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>31</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-8972089338998536886</id><published>2012-01-24T12:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-24T12:14:35.054-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Questionamentos Sobre Estado e Justiça na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="date"&gt;janeiro 10th, 2012 &lt;a href="http://fceleti.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/questionamentos-sobre-estado-e-justica-na-filosofia-reformacional-de-herman-dooyeweerd/#comments" title="Comentário para Questionamentos Sobre Estado e Justiça na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd"&gt;§ &lt;span class="commentcount"&gt;4 Comentários&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="date"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="entry"&gt;Conheci há pouco tempo a filosofia reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd. Apesar da abrangência e profundidade de seu pensamento, meu interesse se dá em sua perspectiva política, área para a qual tenho dedicado minhas leituras e reflexões. Com o intuito de aprender um pouco mais sobre o filósofo holandês, procurei ler artigos que tivessem como foco a minha área de interesse.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Encontrei um artigo do Guilherme Vilela Ribeiro de Carvalho, &lt;em&gt;Poder Político e Justiça Social na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/em&gt;, um dos mais importantes estudiosos brasileiros de Dooyeweerd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Não é meu interesse discutir todos os pressupostos dooyeweerdianos e toda a sua filosofia reformacional, mas de apontar alguns questionamentos sobre a parte final do artigo, “O Poder Político e a Realização da Justiça Social”. Nesta seção final, são apresentados cinco princípios básicos da realização da justiça pelo Estado, que seguem adiante seguidos de comentários meus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Preservar as Esferas de Soberania Jurídica na Sociedade&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De acordo com o artigo, Dooyeweerd sempre enfatizava que “o Estado não pode se tornar um octópode que domina todas as áreas da vida” (CARVALHO, 2005, p.45). O campo de atuação do Estado deve ser limitado, de acordo com a sua esfera de atuação. Tudo está tranqüilo neste ponto. Um governo que busca controlar tudo é um governo tirano. O governo deve respeitar as outras esferas existentes, família, economia, arte, ciência etc. Esse não controle do Estado sobre outras áreas significa até o não controle de uma laicidade da educação pública.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neste ponto da educação não há nenhuma pista de uma solução para o problema. O Estado impõe uma visão de mundo através de sua educação pública laica, negando outras formas de ver o mundo. A única solução para este problema é a não existência de uma educação estatal, pois não haveria um Estado determinando a visão de mundo a ser lecionada, visto que a educação pertence aos pais (num segundo momento aos próprios indivíduos), ou seja, à esfera familiar e o Estado não deve intervir no modo como os pais educam seus filhos&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/Filipe%20Rangel%20Celeti/Mis%20documentos/artigo%20dooyeweerd.docx#_ftn1" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Antes, porém, que um minarquista desavisado aplauda a ideia acima exposta, o segundo princípio começa a desanimar.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Impedir a Tirania de uma Esfera Social sobre as Outras&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Carvalho afirma logo no começo que&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Se o Estado deve garantir a implementação da justiça pública, isso significa que ele deve zelar pelo respeito a todas as esferas da sociedade. Portanto ele não pode ser simplesmente um “Estado mínimo”, como nas teorias liberais clássicas (Idem.).&lt;/blockquote&gt;O Estado não deve controlar todas as esferas, mas precisa intervir para colocar limites quando uma esfera é desrespeitosa para com outra esfera. Admitir isso é, primeiramente, admitir que “esferas sociais” são capazes de agir, como se fossem humanos, e que esferas sociais não possuem uma força interior, a partir de sua constituição histórica e ontológica para combater uma possível tentativa de domínio por parte de outra esfera. Ainda é preciso admitir que uma terceira esfera social, o Estado, é capaz de lidar com a complexidade de todas as relações sociais, intervindo para realizar uma “justiça pública”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A questão se complica com os exemplos apontados no artigo. De acordo com o estudioso, “o Estado precisa intervir quando um culto religioso se torna totalista e pretende submeter a justiça, a economia, a arte e a ciência ao poder eclesiástico, como ocorreu, por exemplo, na Idade Média,  com a Igreja Católica” (Ibidem. p. 46). Em primeiro lugar, essa tal “pretensão” apontada de submeter áreas a certa confissão religiosa só foi possível com uma ajuda da esfera justa do Estado. Em segundo lugar, a idade média presenciou diversos avanços científicos, tecnológicos, filosóficos e artísticos, quer por conta de tal submissão ou apesar dela (não entrarei no mérito desta questão).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O segundo exemplo no qual seria preciso que o Estado interviesse nas esferas sociais se dá no setor econômico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;A acumulação excessiva de capitais e a má distribuição de renda, além do sucateamento da família e da capitalização de muitas igrejas são sinais evidentes de que a esfera econômica se arvorou em dominador da sociedade. A tirania do mercado tem sua base na idolatria do capital, e produz a destruição dos pobres (Idem)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Peço desculpas antecipadas, mas este marxismo econômico não científico é a base da maioria dos equívocos em teoria política. Explico. É extremamente compreensível que ao pensar nestas esferas sociais coletivas se caia na falácia da esfera econômica dominar outros setores sociais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em primeiro lugar, acumular capital justamente não faz ninguém capaz de dominar terceiros. Um indivíduo que empreende e recebe os frutos de seus esforços, de sua visão, de sua competência e da qualidade do seu produto ofertado, não “dominou” nada. Ele foi capaz de dar às pessoas algo que elas quiseram consumir. Afirmar que a riqueza deste empreendedor ocorreu pelo empobrecimento de outros é dizer que “riqueza” é como uma grande pizza que precisa ser justamente distribuída pelas pessoas. A questão é que a riqueza não é estática, não está dada, riqueza é construída. Essa tal distribuição está pautada numa visão deturpada de que a pizza foi cortada desigualmente e que é preciso roubar pedaços de algumas pessoas para entregar a outras, mas o nome “justiça pública” parece tornar as coisas bem bonitas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em segundo lugar, a acumulação de capital está muito mais relacionada não com as capacidades empreendedoras e administrativas, mas com o grau de amizade que tais indivíduos possuem para com os indivíduos que fazem parte da esfera capaz de conceder privilégios, favores, subsídios etc. Não é o setor econômico que gera acumulação de capital, mas os favores do setor governamental. Neste ponto, é a interferência do Estado, ao criar dificuldades e vender facilidades, que favorece poucos a terem privilégios enquanto o restante é deixado à margem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em terceiro lugar, num ambiente de mercado livre, no qual não há regras que impossibilitem novos participantes de concorrer, as empresas sempre terão concorrentes e as que favorecerem mais os clientes, isto é, as que fizerem o melhor produto a um menor custo, irão ampliar seus ganhos. Neste sistema de livre mercado, não há tirania alguma, pois o poder econômico está nas mãos dos consumidores e não dos empreendedores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um Estado que interfere na economia destrói o empreendedorismo individual e mata a criatividade e a dinâmica que existe num sistema de livre mercado. Um Estado que interfere na economia, com um planejamento central, é um Estado socialista e um Estado socialista é um estado tirânico e, portanto, um Estado que não cumpre seu dever de promover a justiça.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ou o Estado deve interferir ou não deve interferir. Não parece existir um critério sólido para delimitar o nível de interferência e a conclusão lógica é que um Estado que possua o direito de intervir irá sempre intervir um pouco mais, ampliando sua área de dominação.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. Impedir a Injustiça Dentro de uma Esfera de Soberania&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se não ficaram claros os limites de atuação do Estado, o terceiro princípio busca elucidar a questão. Em primeiro lugar, cada esfera possui um bem próprio que não pertence à competência do Estado. Relações familiares, regras de instituições religiosas, preços e área de atuação da indústria são alguns exemplos de áreas não pertencentes ao Estado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entretanto, Carvalho aponta que o Estado deveria atuar em caso de pais que maltratam seus filhos, em casos de empresas que fazem monopólio e em casos de pastores que abusam da fé dos membros de suas igrejas (p.47).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Considerando a teoria política de Dooyeweerd, posso concordar com a atuação do Estado em casos de pais que maltratam os filhos. Maltratar, abusar e agredir qualquer humano é um ato de violência para com a integridade do indivíduo, seja quem for. Rejeito a ideia dooyeweerdiana do “público”. Abusar de uma criança é violar seus direito privados e não seu direito público. Se as crianças não pertencem aos pais, também não pertencem ao “público”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outro erro decorrente da influência econômica errônea é a ideia de que monopólio é ruim e, neste caso, considerado injusto. A base deste pensamento anti-monopólio foi brilhantemente exposta por Hans F. Sennholz (2012), para ele:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Os socialistas descrevem em cores vívidas todos os horrores gerados pelo capitalismo monopolista e, ato contínuo, concluem que uma economia de livre mercado obviamente necessita sofrer várias intervenções e restrições governamentais, caso contrário irá descambar em um caótico sistema dominado pelo monopólio das grandes empresas, levando à total opressão do povo.&lt;/blockquote&gt;A grande questão é que é preciso pensar se realmente um monopólio é algo ruim. Uma empresa que possui um monopólio por ser a única a prestar um serviço ou a única a vender um produto não é algo ruim. De acordo com Sennholz, há alguns pontos que permitem desmontar a concepção de que uma empresa é capaz de ter um monopólio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Uma empresa que porventura detenha o controle exclusivo de uma mercadoria ou de um serviço em um mercado específico será, ainda assim, incapaz de explorar essa situação, e pelos seguintes fatores competitivos: a concorrência potencial, a concorrência de substitutos, e a elasticidade da demanda. (idem)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Sempre haverá a possibilidade de entrarem novos concorrentes se a empresa que possui um monopólio aumentar os preços. Sempre haverá produtos que possam substituir o produto da empresa monopolística. A demanda sempre será grande demais para que a empresa monopolística possa conseguir deter o seu monopólio e ofertar a toda demanda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dito isto, pode-se argumentar que existem monopólios e eles são ruins. Sim, existem monopólios ruins decorrentes não de uma esfera econômica. Sennholz aponta os responsáveis pela criação destes monopólios, destes grupos que não possuem concorrência, ofertam péssimos produtos e cobram um alto preço.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Por meio de concessões, licenças, patentes, tarifas e outras restrições, o governo na prática criou milhares de monopólios.  Tendo assim debilitado e obstruído a livre concorrência, ele passou a querer combater os monopólios.  Um exército de burocratas agora legisla sobre questões econômicas vitais para vários e importantes setores da economia.  Eles regulam o setor aéreo, o setor ferroviário, o setor viário, o setor portuário e vários outros meios de transporte. Eles garantem concessões exclusivas em rádio, televisão, telefonia, internet e TV a cabo.  Eles, na prática, monopolizam a produção, a transmissão e a distribuição de eletricidade, petróleo, água e esgoto.  Eles concedem patentes que garantem a seus recebedores posições monopolísticas.  E, finalmente, eles são os proprietários, gerenciam e operam toda a indústria postal, e impedem qualquer tipo de concorrência, impondo meio de multas e até ameaçando de cadeia qualquer um que se atrever a concorrer. (Idem.)&lt;/blockquote&gt;O que o Estado deveria fazer era aplicar uma justiça contra as suas injustiças. A aplicação da teoria dooyeweerdiana aliada com a falta de informação econômica poderia causar sérios danos à estrutura da sociedade, transformando o Estado aplicador de justiça num tipo de Dom Quixote, que luta contra inimigos imaginários.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O terceiro exemplo de intervenção sugerida é proteger fiéis contra pastores abusadores da fé. Uma pessoa enganada e iludida pela conversa de pastores oportunistas é responsável por aquilo que acredita. Se ninguém forçou uma pessoa a dar tudo o que tem para uma instituição religiosa, porque o Estado deva intervir nas crenças pessoais pacíficas dos iludidos? A mesma lógica poderia ser usada para proibir revistas de horóscopo, cartomantes e demais tipos de videntes. O extremo seria determinar uma verdade religiosa estatal, para que ninguém pudesse ser enganado. É no fundo um resgate da Genebra de Calvino e seu governo teocrático de caça aos hereges.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O autor brasileiro encerra esta seção dizendo que o Estado não pode determinar o que é ciência, mas pode agir impedindo certas atitudes internas do campo científico.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para Carvalho, a esfera do saber pode tentar dominar ouras esferas, por exemplo, ao tentar decidir que tipo de pesquisa fere os direitos humanos. A esfera científica pode decidir o que ela desejar, mas apenas o Estado possui poder de impor isto. Se um grupo de cientistas decidir que tal pesquisa não deve ser feita, tudo o que podem fazer é sugerir, pois não possuem meios de coação para impedir todas as pesquisas que são realizadas. A história tem diversos casos de governos impedindo certos avanços científicos, pois são os governos que detém o poder de impedir certas pesquisas.&lt;br /&gt;Sobre o financiamento estatal:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;A ciência financiada pelo estado é necessariamente um atoleiro de mediocridade.  É o âmbito dos jornais acadêmicos e dos estudos estatísticos.  Nos jornais acadêmicos, em que há revisão por pares, nada é considerado digno de publicação a menos que assim seja considerado pelos “pares”.  O que isso significa é que, para que uma nova e radical ideia seja aceita para publicação, ela deve imediatamente ganhar o apoio daqueles cujas ideias ironicamente agora ficaram obsoletas e antagônicas em decorrência da descoberta dessa nova ideia.  Se estes não apoiarem, então essa nova ideia não será publicada.&lt;br /&gt;Tal arranjo é o equivalente a exigir que Galileu só possa publicar suas descobertas após suas ideias terem sido endossadas pelos mesmos astrônomos que, até aquele momento, eram seguidores fieis do sistema ptolemaico de astronomia.  É o equivalente a exigir que Louis Pasteur só possa publicar sobre a teoria germinal das enfermidades infecciosas após sua ideias terem o assentimento daqueles que negam a própria existência dos germes.&lt;br /&gt;A ciência financiada pelo estado tem enorme semelhança com os estudos estatísticos.  Isso porque ambos podem ser adaptados para se ajustar a critérios facilmente especificados em relação a questões como tamanho da amostra, intervalos de confiança e níveis de confiança.  Ambos são, portanto, uma ótima maneira de se manter empregados um grande número de “cientistas” cuja função é tentar estabelecer ou negar a probabilidade de existir uma relação entre praticamente quaisquer duas coisas no universo.  Desde que o “cientista” possa comprovar que seguiu as regras de tal estudo, ele pode ter a certeza de que conseguirá manter sua subvenção estatal; mais ainda, de que irá participar do próximo “estudo” e da próxima subvenção estatal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cientistas sérios estão preocupados com a busca da verdade científica, e não com a politicagem por trás da ciência.  É improvável que eles estejam interessados nesse jogo.  Esse jogo interessa exatamente aos tipos opostos de “cientistas” — a saber, aqueles para quem é a política da ciência que conta, e não a verdadeira substância da ciência.  Esses são os tipos que realmente gostam de ser membros de comitês.  E são essas pessoas, vários degraus abaixo na hierarquia burocrática, que hoje comandam o destino da ciência.&lt;br /&gt;A ciência financiada pelo estado é a destruidora da ciência.  Se quisermos que a ciência sobreviva, o financiamento estatal da ciência deve acabar. (REISMAN, 2010)&lt;/blockquote&gt;Prosseguindo sobre o financiamento, algumas pessoas realmente devem achar super necessário o financiamento de pesquisas que descobrem que destros não gostam de reggae ou que pessoas que ouvem jazz podem se acidentar dirigindo automóveis&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/Filipe%20Rangel%20Celeti/Mis%20documentos/artigo%20dooyeweerd.docx#_ftn2" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt;. Talvez estas pesquisas façam governos interferirem nas decisões da esfera individual proibindo rádios em automóveis ou proibindo determinados estilos musicais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ainda sobre a intervenção do Estado na esfera científica, Carvalho defende uma ação estatal contra periódicos que rejeitam certas teorias científicas como o criacionismo científico e o design inteligente. O Estado interferir nisso não é defesa da liberdade intelectual, mas um ataque. A liberdade de pensamento é a liberdade de se pensar o que se deseja, quer que o mundo tenha sido criado em sete dias de vinte e quatro horas ou que, pelo acaso, tenha existido matéria da antimatéria. Assim como periódicos evolucionistas rejeitam teses criacionistas, periódicos criacionistas não perdem tempo em criticar as teses evolucionistas. Se o periódico pertence a uma pessoa ou entidade, por qual motivo o Estado deva obrigá-los a aceitar opiniões das quais discordam? Não faz o menor sentido e não há nada de justiça nisso.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. E quando o Estado é Injusto?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A solução é um tanto quanto óbvia. Há a defesa da luta política, seja pra defender direitos adquiridos ou pra contestar outros que se tornaram injustos.&lt;br /&gt;Há aqui, talvez um descuido, pois o autor afirma que&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;De um ponto de vista reformacional, as leis podem ser injustas, não meramente quando se contradizem, ou quando não são socialmente úteis, como nas abordagens positivistas e utilitaristas, mas também e principalmente quando são injustas. (CARVALHO, op. cit., p. 47)&lt;/blockquote&gt;O que significaria que as leis podem ser injustas principalmente quando são injustas, o que não elucidou muito a questão.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em seguida há a defesa da desobediência civil, que obviamente é justa quando as leis são injustas, me lembrando da famosa frase de Thomas Jefferson: “Se uma lei é injusta, um homem está não apenas certo em desobedecê-la, ele é obrigado a fazê-lo.”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neste ponto cabem alguns questionamentos. Se um dia, hipoteticamente, parecer correto para algumas pessoas que o calvinismo quer dominar todas as esferas sociais, será que os calvinistas irão lutar contra essa injustiça do Estado, que não interfere favorecendo outras formas de ver o mundo? Absolutamente que não. Quando há a existência do Estado, todos querem encontrar uma maneira do Estado favorecer suas crenças pessoais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outra pergunta retórica, e se for constatado que o Estado é incapaz de atuar corretamente sobre a esfera jurídica da sociedade? Talvez a análise de Dooyeweerd não tenha percebido que a construção histórica e ontológica do Estado tenha sido sempre a de ser, essencialmente, injusto. Talvez seja impossível essa dosagem correta de intervenção, visto que toda intervenção causa uma “justiça” para o favorecido e uma “injustiça” para o que não conseguiu favores.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. A Necessidade de Defender o Pobre&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há aqui um equívoco. Gordon Spykman, citado por Carvalho, disse que a “opção preferencial pelos pobres” expressa a ordem divina para o Estado. É certo que nas Escrituras e em diversos pensadores cristãos há essa defesa do pobre. O estranho é alguém deduzir que a caridade voluntária, elemento essencial do cristianismo, deva ser o ordenamento divino para políticas de redistribuição de renda.&lt;br /&gt;Penso que cristãos defendam que roubar é pecado, porém na esfera política, roubar dos ricos e dar aos pobres é um ato de bondade efetuado pela caridade ordenada por Deus? Forçar todos a contribuir com os pobres é o oposto do mandamento bíblico, que afirma que Deus ama a quem dá com alegria. Mesmo que um cristão faça a sua declaração de Imposto de Renda com alegria e pague o IPVA e o IPTU com um sorriso no rosto, sem deduzir nada, contribuindo com mais do que ordena o Estado, ele não deveria usar do aparato coercitivo estatal para ameaçar os cidadãos que não possuem a mesma alegria em contribuir para com a distribuição de renda.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há um dado controverso. Se na teoria de Dooyeweerd a acumulação de capital não é um fim em si mesma (Ibidem, p.49), necessitando a redistribuição para aumentar a qualidade de vida de toda a sociedade, significa que a qualidade de vida de toda a sociedade é mensurada na acumulação de capital de cada um efetuada pela redistribuição. Portanto, a acumulação de capital é o fim pelo qual o Estado deve trabalhar. É a famosa teoria política da inveja, na qual se não há o mesmo nível de acumulação de capital, não há qualidade de vida social. É o tipo de teoria que nega a diversidade humana, a preferência temporal de consumo dos indivíduos e o desperdício dos recursos que nunca deixarão as pessoas com a mesma quantidade de riqueza, mesmo que exista uma mesma renda.&lt;br /&gt;É óbvio que justiça não se alcança com redistribuição, mas a redistribuição pode levar ao oposto do que se pretende. Favorecer pessoas ao custo de outras não é algo que intuitivamente se pareça com justiça, visto que para Dooyeweerd é possível compreender um pouco da esfera da justiça através de uma intuição.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusão&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O intento foi demonstrar que há diversos erros em usar uma teoria universal, como a Dooyeweerd associada de outras ideologias para efetivar um projeto de justiça.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um pensamento complexo, como o do holandês, pode servir para diversas concepções políticas, posicionando o Estado num ambiente de não interferências, mas com diversos poderes de intervenção em nome de uma justiça social. No ambiente de não interferência, serve ao liberal, mas essa possibilidade de inspecionar a “justiça” de outras esferas sociais tem serventia aos atuais modelos de Estados democratas sociais.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contudo, Estados podem ser sempre injustos, levando à necessidade constante de revoltas para com as injustiças. Talvez fosse o momento de rever a defesa do Estado e perceber que há justiça em outras esferas sociais e que há outros modos de promover a justiça.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bibliografia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CARVALHO, G. V. R.. Poder Político e Justiça Social na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd. &lt;strong&gt;Revista Eletrônica de Ética e Cidadania&lt;/strong&gt;, Mackenzie, São Paulo, v. 1, n. 1, p. 30-50, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;REISMAN, G.. &lt;strong&gt;Ciência financiada pelo livre mercado versus ciência estatal&lt;/strong&gt;. Trad. Leandro Roque. São Paulo: Instituto Mises Brasil, 2010. Disponível em: &lt;http: article.aspx?id="603" mises.org.br=""&gt;. Acesso em: 09 de jan de 2012.&lt;/http:&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;SENNHOLZ, H. F.. &lt;strong&gt;Monopólio bom e monopólio ruim&lt;/strong&gt; – como são gerados e como são mantidos. Trad. Leandro Roque. São Paulo: Instituto Mises Brasil, 2012. Disponível em: &lt;http: article.aspx?id="1057" mises.org.br=""&gt;. Acesso em: 09 de jan de 2012.&lt;/http:&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/Filipe%20Rangel%20Celeti/Mis%20documentos/artigo%20dooyeweerd.docx#_ftnref1" title=""&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; Trabalhei a separação Educação-Estado na minha dissertação de mestrado, &lt;em&gt;Educação não obrigatória: uma discussão sobre o estado e o mercado&lt;/em&gt;, Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação, Arte e História da Cultura) – Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2011.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/Documents%20and%20Settings/Filipe%20Rangel%20Celeti/Mis%20documentos/artigo%20dooyeweerd.docx#_ftnref2" title=""&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Respectivamente: http://pom.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/07/28/0305735611415751.abstract e &lt;a href="http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/mundo/bbc/motoristas-que-ouvem-rock-ao-volante-sao-os-que-mais-tem-acident/n1597398260383.html"&gt;http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/mundo/bbc/motoristas-que-ouvem-rock-ao-volante-sao-os-que-mais-tem-acident/n1597398260383.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4 Responses to &lt;em&gt;Questionamentos Sobre Estado e Justiça na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul class="commentlist"&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment" id="comment-2"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body" id="div-comment-2"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-author vcard"&gt;&lt;img alt="" class="avatar avatar-32 grav-hashed grav-hijack" height="32" id="grav-0611b2bc5bd52b8bfbb668d9845ae9a3-0" src="http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0611b2bc5bd52b8bfbb668d9845ae9a3?s=32&amp;amp;d=identicon&amp;amp;r=G" width="32" /&gt;&lt;cite class="fn"&gt;&lt;a class="url" href="http://www.igrejaesperanca.org.br/" rel="external nofollow"&gt;Guilherme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/cite&gt; &lt;span class="says"&gt;disse:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-author vcard"&gt;&lt;span class="says"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"&gt;&lt;a href="http://fceleti.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/questionamentos-sobre-estado-e-justica-na-filosofia-reformacional-de-herman-dooyeweerd/#comment-2"&gt;   10/01/2012 às 6:57 pm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;Olá Filipe,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;cara, acabei de ler seu artigo rapidinho e achei muito interessante. Mormente por vc apontar um parágrafo meu que não tive tempo de corrigir e que ficou sem sentido nenhum!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bem, não vou ter tempo de dar uma resposta agora, mas acho que vale a pena observar que o foco do artigo é a noção de justiça pública, e a natureza analógica do conceito de justiça. A idéia é que o direito carrega em si uma idéia formal de justiça e que o seu conteúdo é dado por uma visão da sociedade. E essa visão da sociedade condiciona a nossa compreensão da aplicação da justiça. Se já assumimos uma compreensão individualista e libertária da sociedade, por exemplo, haverá pouco espaço para o Estado, por exemplo. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O que HD diria é que essa avaliação da sociedade já reflete uma antropologia filosófica que, por sua vez, expressa uma visão religiosa de mundo. E é aqui que tive a impressão de que Dooyeweerd não fez muito sentido pra vc: a visão reformacional de ordem social, com a noção de esferas de soberania, etc. Na verdade, subjacente à visão de Estado de HD, há toda uma perspectiva sobre o ordenamento social na qual o Estado é perfeitamente secundário.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Talvez por isso, algumas conclusões foram tomadas muito rapidamente. por exemplo, quando vc diz que “esferas sociais” não seriam capazes de agir para impor limites ao Estado, etc… Na verdade o que está em jogo aqui é o que chamamos de sociedade civil, e seu poder de articulação para reagir ao Estado. O que pareceria aqui “sem solução”, na verdade supõe uma forte articulação civil que simplesmente não apareceu em minha discussão.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enfim, quando possível tentarei aperfeicoar minha apresentação incorporando suas questões e corrigindo alguns de meus erros óbvios.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No mais, no entanto, acho que vc foi muito defensivo  &lt;img alt=":-D" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif?m=1304029608g" /&gt;  Não seria melhor ler o próprio Dooyeweerd primeiro, antes de fechar conclusões sobre a sua visão do Estado? Acho que vc não se surpreenderá ao descobrir que ele é muito mais rico e bem articulado do que este teólogo aqui &lt;img alt=":-D" class="wp-smiley" src="http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_biggrin.gif?m=1304029608g" /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Se quiser, posso enviar recomendações. Um abraço!&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="comment even thread-even depth-1 parent highlander-comment"&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://fceleti.wordpress.com/2012/01/10/questionamentos-sobre-estado-e-justica-na-filosofia-reformacional-de-herman-dooyeweerd/?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com.br%2Fscholar_url%3Fhl%3Dpt-BR%26q%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1011%2526context%253Dfilipe_celeti%26sa%3DX%26scisig%3DAAGBfm2OH2DOhUmi0k9jQ9un01ertY7eMQ%26oi%3Dscholaralrt#search=%22http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1011%26context%3Dfilipe_celeti%22"&gt;FCELETI&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="comment-body"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Divulgação: &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-8972089338998536886?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/8972089338998536886/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2012/01/questionamentos-sobre-estado-e-justica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/8972089338998536886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/8972089338998536886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2012/01/questionamentos-sobre-estado-e-justica.html' title='Questionamentos Sobre Estado e Justiça na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-3798463844856955390</id><published>2012-01-07T05:48:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-01-07T05:48:18.143-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Herman Dooyeweerd: Christian Philosopher of State and Civil Society</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="product"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd: Christian Philosopher of State and Civil Society&lt;/strong&gt;. By Jonathan Chaplin. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2011. 452pp. $68.00.               &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="contributors"&gt;&lt;ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"&gt;&lt;li class="last" id="contrib-1"&gt;&lt;span class="name"&gt;&lt;a class="name-search" href="http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Robert+S.+Covolo&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;submit=Submit"&gt;Robert S. Covolo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="affiliation-list-reveal"&gt;&lt;a class="view-more" href="http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/19/jcs.csr126.extract#"&gt;+&lt;/a&gt; Author Affiliations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil"&gt;&lt;li class="aff"&gt;&lt;address&gt;&lt;span class="addr-line"&gt;Fuller Theological Seminary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="addr-line"&gt;Pasadena, California&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/address&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;ol class="corresp-list"&gt;&lt;li class="corresp" id="corresp-1"&gt;&lt;span class="addr-line"&gt;&lt;span class="named-content sensitive-text" id="named-content-1"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:r.covolo@verizon.net"&gt;r.covolo@verizon.net&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="corresp"&gt;&lt;span class="addr-line"&gt;&lt;span class="named-content sensitive-text"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="section" id="sec-1"&gt;&lt;div id="p-1"&gt;Few thinkers in history have attempted to reframe the Western philosophical tradition with such boldness as Dutch neo-Calvinist                     juridical scholar and philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd (1894–1977). Dooyeweerd's work continues to have a significant impact                     on scholars in a variety of fields, is a guiding inspiration behind a philosophical tradition known as Reformational Philosophy                     (embodied in the journal &lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;/em&gt;), and remains a seminal influence at institutions such as the Free University of Amsterdam, the Institute for Christian Studies                     in Toronto, the Abraham Kuyper Center for Public Theology at Princeton, the Dooyeweerd Center at Redeemer University College,                     the Cardus think tank in Hamilton, Ontario, and the Center for Public Justice in Washington, D.C. Yet, in spite of Dooyeweerd's                     original and significant work, there is a dearth of sources in the English language that provide an adequate introduction                     to his thought. Jonathan …                   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="full-text"&gt;&lt;a href="http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/19/jcs.csr126.full"&gt;[Full Text of this Article]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/19/jcs.csr126.extract"&gt;http://jcs.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/12/19/jcs.csr126.extract&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"&gt;Divulgação: &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-3798463844856955390?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/3798463844856955390/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2012/01/herman-dooyeweerd-christian-philosopher.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/3798463844856955390'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/3798463844856955390'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2012/01/herman-dooyeweerd-christian-philosopher.html' title='Herman Dooyeweerd: Christian Philosopher of State and Civil Society'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-6524266873954071020</id><published>2011-12-29T09:05:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-12-29T09:05:24.672-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Eliézer de Mello Silveira denunciou Luiz Mott ao Ministério Público Federal da Bahia: APOLOGIA DE CRIME DE PEDOFILIA.  Luiz Motta, professor universitário, líder do movimento gay, petista, esquerdista, marxista e socialista da Universidade Federal da Bahia, agraciado por LULA por medalha, se orgulha de ter tido relações sexuais com mais de 500 homens, deve ir URGENTE PARA CADEIA POR FAZER APOLOGIA A PEDOFILIA. Um abismo chama outro abismo!</title><content type='html'>Eliézer de Mello Silveira denunciou Luiz Mott ao Ministério Público Federal da Bahia: APOLOGIA DE CRIME DE PEDOFILIA.  Luiz Motta, professor universitário, líder do movimento gay, petista, esquerdista, marxista e socialista da Universidade Federal da Bahia, agraciado por LULA por medalha, se orgulha de ter tido relações sexuais com mais de 500 homens, deve ir URGENTE PARA CADEIA POR FAZER APOLOGIA A PEDOFILIA. Um abismo chama outro abismo!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/2011/12/eliezer-de-mello-silveira-denunciou.html"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/2011/12/eliezer-de-mello-silveira-denunciou.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-6524266873954071020?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/6524266873954071020/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/12/eliezer-de-mello-silveira-denunciou.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6524266873954071020'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6524266873954071020'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/12/eliezer-de-mello-silveira-denunciou.html' title='Eliézer de Mello Silveira denunciou Luiz Mott ao Ministério Público Federal da Bahia: APOLOGIA DE CRIME DE PEDOFILIA.  Luiz Motta, professor universitário, líder do movimento gay, petista, esquerdista, marxista e socialista da Universidade Federal da Bahia, agraciado por LULA por medalha, se orgulha de ter tido relações sexuais com mais de 500 homens, deve ir URGENTE PARA CADEIA POR FAZER APOLOGIA A PEDOFILIA. Um abismo chama outro abismo!'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-4953482853993036341</id><published>2011-11-23T16:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T16:17:33.709-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Principles and Positivization: Dooyeweerd and Rational Autonomy - A Response to Michael J. DeMoor - by Dr. J. Glenn Friesen</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Principles and Positivization: Dooyeweerd and Rational Autonomy&lt;br /&gt;A Response to Michael J. DeMoor&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;by&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dr. J. Glenn Friesen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;© 2008&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A .pdf version of this articleis available&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.pdf"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I. Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This is a response to Michael J. DeMoor’s article “Rational Autonomy and Autonomous Rationality: Dooyeweerd, Kant and Fichte on Subjectivity, Objectivity and Normativity,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;72 (2007) 105-129. DeMoor argues that although Dooyeweerd opposed Kant’s idea of the autonomy of thought, he nevertheless relied on the idea of rational autonomy for the active positivizing of norms. DeMoor finds similarities between Dooyeweerd and Fichte with respect to these three issues:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;1. Our consciousness depends on&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;reflexivity&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;or self-consciousness;&lt;br /&gt;2. The correlation between subjectivity and objectivity;&lt;br /&gt;3. The autonomy or spontaneity of the agent, by which “binding norms are freely applied to oneself.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;An investigation of these issues is very helpful in understanding Dooyeweerd. And it is encouraging to see a comparison of Dooyeweerd’s philosophy to earlier philosophers, since he did not claim originality for his philosophy [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm1"&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;]. But DeMoor’s conclusions are incorrect. He does not take into account Dooyeweerd’s own critique of Fichte, and of the idea of reflexivity in particular. De Moor also misinterprets Dooyeweerd’s own philosophy, and as a result he sees similarities where there are none. Dooyeweerd has different ideas of self-consciousness, of the subject, of the object, and of the subject-object relation. And Dooyeweerd rejects both realism and idealism. A more detailed examination of these issues helps us to understand the historical context of Dooyeweerd’s philosophy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;I begin by discussing Franz von Baader’s critique of Kant and Fichte. This is because Dooyeweerd’s critique of the autonomy of thought comes from Baader’s similar critique. Second, many of the arguments raised by DeMoor against Dooyeweerd were first raised against Baader, and a review of these issues will help us to historically situate and to understand Dooyeweerd’s own philosophy. I then will examine each of the three issues raised by DeMoor. For the sake of brevity, I will frequently refer to my “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;95 Theses on Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/a&gt;,” which provides references for many of the statements.[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm2"&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;II. Baader’s Critique of the Autonomy of Thought&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd’s critique of the dogma of the autonomy of theoretical thought derives from Baader. It is not an idea that is unique to reformational philosophy. In other articles, I have shown how Dooyeweerd was exposed to the ideas of Baader [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm3"&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;]; for the present, it is sufficient to refer to the mediation of these ideas by Abraham Kuyper. Kuyper was introduced to Baader’s ideas by the theologian J.H. Gunning, Jr.[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm4"&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;], and Kuyper expressed appreciation for many of Baader’s ideas [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm5"&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;]. Kuyper says that Baader’s ideas provide the best defence against modernism. And he specifically praises Baader for opposing the idea of the autonomy of thought, which he says is the human desire to rid itself of God:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Of, om nog dieper in het eigenlijke motief in te dringen, in de Evolutie-theorie schuilt evenals in het Pantheïsme ’s menschen zucht om van God af te komen. Niettegenstaande zijn practische Vernunft dreef deze zucht Kant zelfs, van wien Baader terecht schreef: „Grundfehler seiner Philosophie ist, dass ihr . . . der Mensch autonom, spontan ist; er habe die Vernunft von sich; daher macht sie den Mensch zu Gott und wird pantheistisch.” [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm6"&gt;6&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;[Or, if we go even deeper into their real motive, what lies behind both theory of evolution and pantheism is man’s desire to get rid of God. Notwithstanding his practical Reason, it was this desire that drove Kant himself, of whom Baader correctly wrote: ‘The basic error of his philosophy is that it…that man is autonomous and spontaneous, and that he has obtained reason from himself; in this way it transforms man into God, and so becomes pantheistic.”]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Kuyper does not give a direct citation from Baader [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm7"&gt;7&lt;/a&gt;]. But we know that Kuyper learned about Baader from Gunning. And Baader did indeed give a critique of the idea of the autonomy of thought. Baader says that human autonomy is an absurd concept [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm8"&gt;8&lt;/a&gt;]. Autonomy and anomie in knowing, willing, acting is the teaching of the absolute spontaneity of man (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2, 176, 414; 3, 212). But only God has absolute autonomy (Franz Rev.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;6, 324). As discussed in my article “&lt;a href="http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000088/index.html"&gt;Mystical Dooyeweerd&lt;/a&gt;,” Baader also refers to autonomy as ‘&lt;em&gt;Selbstsetzung&lt;/em&gt;’ and he contrasts this autonomy with our being ‘&lt;em&gt;Gesetzt&lt;/em&gt;’ by God, in subjection to God’s law. Dooyeweerd makes this same connection to God’s law when he opposes our autonomous setting [‘&lt;em&gt;stellen&lt;/em&gt;’] our own law to being “fitted into” [‘&lt;em&gt;gesteld&lt;/em&gt;’] God’s law [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm9"&gt;9&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In rejecting Kant’s idea of the autonomy of thought, Baader turned Kant’s own ideas against Kant. But just as Baader’s use of Kantian terminology does not mean that Baader was a Kantian, neither does Dooyeweerd’s use of the same arguments mean that he was a Kantian. It is true that in the 1920’s Baader revival, Johann Sauter argued that Baader was the successor and elaborator of Kant [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm10"&gt;10&lt;/a&gt;]. But even Sauter acknowledged that Baader overcame rationalism and empiricism in a different way than Kant. For Kant, “Intuitions without concepts are blind; concepts without intuition are empty.” [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm11"&gt;11&lt;/a&gt;] For Baader, the outer world is not blind, but filled with spirit. And our reason is not empty, but possesses a knowledge that is already&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;given&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Sauter, 88). Dooyeweerd also emphasizes the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Given.html"&gt;givenness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of an experience that is pre-theoretical, and on which all knowing, whether pre-theoretical or theoretical, relies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Baader appreciated Fichte’s teaching of self-consciousness as the ipsissima res [highest matter, the very thing itself] of Spirit (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;1, 175, 179n; 4, 160; 8, 66). But Baader opposed Fichte’s teaching that we have only a temporal view [&lt;em&gt;Anschouwing&lt;/em&gt;] of reality (Werke 15, 178). In contrast to Baader, Fichte criticized all ideas of revelation (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;8, 120ff; 9, 69). Baader explicitly distanced himself from Fichte’s “egotistical philosophy” in which the law is a result of an operation of the ego (&lt;em&gt;Ich&lt;/em&gt;). Instead, Baader emphasized that God is the giver of the law. God is above us, but that does not mean outside of us, for because we are rooted in God, we can never know ourselves as completely outside of Him. Baader criticized Fichte’s idea that everything could be explained as deriving from my self (&lt;em&gt;Ich&lt;/em&gt;) (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;15, 178). In his idea of freedom, Fichte had a wrong idea of spontaneous intelligent being as opposed to non-intelligent being. For Baader, our spontaneity differs from animal consciousness, but it is not an absolute spontaneity whereby we can ourselves be the source and autonomous creator of law. To pretend to be the giver of Law, in the way that God is, is an “antireligious philosopheme” (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;2, 445).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;And Baader opposed Fichte’s idea of reflexive consciousness. In particular, he criticized Fichte’s idea that the ego (&lt;em&gt;Ich&lt;/em&gt;) and the non-ego (&lt;em&gt;nicht-Ich&lt;/em&gt;) were distinguished from each other, but that at the same time the non-ego was both posited and negated in relation to the ego, as if it could be both something opposed to the ego as well as above or below the ego. He says that in Fichte there is a constant war between both, as well as between God and creation and Spirit and nature (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;9, 34ff; 15, 367; 5, 35). Baader gives the picturesque image of a brawl that is nevertheless supposed to end in a wedding (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;6, 120).[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm12"&gt;12&lt;/a&gt;] Furthermore, in his picture of the non-ego, Fichte gave priority to the unconscious and selfless in preference to the conscious self (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;7, 56). But Baader emphasizes that in the non-ego, we must distinguish between the original healthy situation and the sick situation (after the fall). The unhealthy must not be accepted, but rather banned by cultural formation (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;3, 242ff).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;III. The dependence of our consciousness on self-consciousness&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Let us now examine the three issues where DeMoor sees similarity between Fichte and Dooyeweerd. I will begin with the issue whether self-consciousness is reflexive. DeMoor refers to Fichte’s view that “in self-consciousness, the self-reverting activity makes an object of itself.” He says that this reflexivity is the foundation for humans being able to autonomously set law (DeMoor 108). But while that may be true for Fichte, DeMoor is wrong in his view that Dooyeweerd believed in this kind of self-reflexive knowledge. Dooyeweerd rejects the idea of reflexivity as being based on an absolutization of the analytical aspect. For Dooyeweerd, we come to self-knowledge by “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Self-reflection.html"&gt;religious self reflection&lt;/a&gt;” (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 1&lt;/a&gt;). This self-reflection is not reflexive. Self-reflection is a turning inwards to reflect on our supratemporal selfhood; this supratemporal selfhood affords us an Archimedean point outside of time on which our act of thinking is based. This religious self-reflection exceeds the bounds of theoretical thought. It is therefore different from a reflexive theoretical thought. Religious self-reflection can exceed theoretical thought because the selfhood is supratemporal and stands above all temporal functions including our functions of thought (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 89&lt;/a&gt;). Already in the opening pages of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Prolegomena1.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;De Wijsbegeerte der Wetsidee&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, Dooyeweerd specifically contrasts such religious self-reflection (which transcends thought) with the incorrect idea of reflexive thought:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;De wijsgeerige zelf-kennis onderstelt dus althans, dat&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;onze zelfheid&lt;/em&gt;, die ook in hare actueele denk-werkzaamheid de grenzen van het denken transcendeert, haar tijdelijke denk-werkzaamheid richte op&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;zich zelve&lt;/em&gt;. Niet het wijsgeerig denken keert reflecteerend tot zich zelve in, maar ik&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;behoor&lt;/em&gt;, wijsgeeerig denkende, tot mij zelve in te keeren. En deze actueele zelf-inkeer in de denkwerkzaamheid gaat noodwendig de grenzen van het wijsgeerig denken te boven, zal het inderdaad to de verlangde zelf-&lt;em&gt;kennis&lt;/em&gt;te komen. (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 9)&lt;br /&gt;Philosophic self-knowledge thus always supposes that&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;our selfhood,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;which in its actual activity of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;thinking&lt;/em&gt;transcends the boundaries of thinking, directs its temporal activity of thinking to&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;itself&lt;/em&gt;. It is not that philosophic thought reflexively turns inwards towards thought itself, but rather that&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;I am required&lt;/em&gt;, in the process of philosophic thought, to turn inwards to my self. And this actual turning inwards in the act of thinking necessarily transcends the boundaries of philosophic thought if it is really to arrive at the desired self-&lt;em&gt;knowledge&lt;/em&gt;. [my translation, since&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 7 is unclear ]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;On the previous page, Dooyeweerd rejects any idea of using reflexiveness of thought to attain self-consciousness within the immanent limits of thought:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;De ik-heid, welke in de wijsgeerige zelf-bezinning tot subjectieven zelf-inkeer komt, lost zich dan op in de immanent “zuivere” denk-actualiteit als noodwendige voorwaarde van alle theoretish denken. De wijsgeerige zelf-bezinning bestaat dan in niets anders dan in een&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;reflexie&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;van het wijsgeerig denken op zijn eigen actualiteit (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 8).&lt;br /&gt;[The I-ness, which should arrive in philosophic self-reflection at a subjective turning inwards, is [in this rejected viewpoint] dissolved into an immanent “pure” actuality of thought, which is then regarded as the necessary pre-requisite of all theoretic thought. Philosophic self-reflection [according to this rejected view] then consists of nothing else than a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;reflexiveness&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of philosophical thought on its own actuality.] [my translation; Cf.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 6. ].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But, continues Dooyeweerd, in this attempted reflexive way to obtain self consciousness, the “ghost of the blessed Münchausen appears.” Although reflexive thought tries to get rid of the real thinking selfhood, the selfhood appears again, just as it was impossible to get rid of Münchhausen in the tall tales that were told about him. There is a kind of infinite regress, for the idea of a transcendental logical pole of thought is no more than an abstraction from our real selfhood, which is operating in its logical function but which cannot be reduced to that function:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;…ze wordt zelfs in den verst denkbaren graad van abstractie beisoleerd, daar zij het product is van een methodisch uitschakelingsprocess, waardoor de denker meent, tenslotte de denk-functie&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;geheel op zichzelve&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;te kunnen stellen (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 8).&lt;br /&gt;In fact it is abstracted to the highest conceivable level of abstraction, since it is the product of a methodical process of elimination, in which the thinker supposes he is able to finally direct the thought-function&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;entirely upon itself&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;(my translation).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Critique&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 8) does not make this clear. It fails to italicize the last words and mistranslates them as “upon himself” instead of “entirely upon itself”—which is the whole point of the rejected idea of reflexiveness. In reflexive thought in immanence philosophy, the logical function of theoretical thought is elevated from the coherence of meaning, and it is treated as being independent of the rest of temporal reality. We elevate (or absolutize) this function to either the Archimedean point or to the Origin (&lt;em&gt;Arché&lt;/em&gt;) [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm15"&gt;15&lt;/a&gt;]. But this attempt to elevate the logical function of thought is not the act of what these immanence philosophers call the ‘transcendental thinking subject,’ for that is only an abstract concept. The real act, even in their absolutization, is the act of our full I-ness, which transcends thinking (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 24). “In truth the selfhood as the religious root of existence is the hidden performer on the instrument of philosophic thought (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 21).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;And this is the fundamental flaw in DeMoor’s argument. His argument for rational autonomy depends on a view of reflexive thought that is based on immanence philosophy. It is a view that opposes this supposed logical pole of thought to the “object” outside of thought. In so doing, it misinterprets the selfhood in terms of only one of its functions—the logical function—and it misinterprets the theoretical&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;–that which is opposed to the logical aspect–as an object (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 50). We shall see this in the discussion of the relation between subject and object.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;For Dooyeweerd, our selfhood transcends the theoretical&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Gegenstand.html"&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Gegenstand.html"&gt;-relation&lt;/a&gt;. That is why he rejects the idea of reflexive thought as a way to understand the selfhood [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm16"&gt;16&lt;/a&gt;].&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Immanence.html"&gt;Immanence philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cannot see that it has lost sight of our true selfhood. And this is so even when it uses the idea of self-reflexive thought:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;It remains hidden to Kant that in his understanding the thinker thereby eliminates from critical self-reflection his own activity of thought (&lt;em&gt;which is only actualized in the temporal coherence of meaning&lt;/em&gt;). This fact must remain hidden to immanence philosophy, even where it supposes that it has been able to come to an essential self-reflexive understanding of thought viewed as itself (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 73, my translation; not in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But Dooyeweerd also criticized Fichte. One of the longest entries in Volume IV, the index to the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Critique&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is with respect to Fichte [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm17"&gt;17&lt;/a&gt;]. Although Fichte correctly saw the antinomy in proclaiming the product of thought to be a “thing in itself” independent of thought (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 301), Fichte “proclaimed practical reason, as the seat of the ethical ideal of personality, to be the deepest root of the entire cosmos” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 362). Dooyeweerd refers to Fichte’s&lt;em&gt;Wissenschaftslehre&lt;/em&gt;, where Fichte conceives of the “thinking ego” in the reflexive-logical sense (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 78).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The first and highest&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;principle&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of Fichte’s&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Wissensschaftslehre&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is the “absolute ego” which posits itself. Dooyeweerd says that at first we might suppose that here Fichte has discovered the religious root of the whole temporal cosmos. But it soon turns out that this first principle embodies nothing but the proclamation of the absolute sovereignty of “practical reason,” in the sense of the Humanist ideal of moral freedom. And the first absolute “&lt;em&gt;Tathandlung&lt;/em&gt;” (practical act) of reason originates from the absolute ego thinking of the absolute ego upon itself. (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 416;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 384—“zich zelf denken”). This is Fichte’s idea of self-reflexive thought.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Fichte’s search for the radical unity of a selfhood beyond the theoretical diversity of syntheses, and his insight into the continuous coherence of meaning of the cosmos are both misdirected by his Humanistic cosmonomic idea, and by his use of dialectical logical thought (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 426). Fichte correctly saw that Kant’s attempted solution of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;apriori&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;synthesis, based on the transcendental&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;logical&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;function, could not be a real solution. But Fichte, instead of focusing his reflection towards the supra-theoretical ego, sought other functions of the ego as a connecting link. In some of his writings, Fichte appealed to a productive power of imagination, whereby the ego produced the non-ego, but for him this was a function of feeling. Fichte incorrectly supposed that he had based his synthesis on pre-theoretical experience. But feeling is only a pre-logical function. It is not the same as our full pre-theoretical experience. Only&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Consciousness.html"&gt;cosmic consciousness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm18"&gt;18&lt;/a&gt;] can grasp the true unity of all aspects of reality, because in its transcendent root our selfhood transcends all its modal functions (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 430-31) [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm19"&gt;19&lt;/a&gt;]. Dooyeweerd says that Fichte was influenced by Jacobi’s irrationalistic philosophy of feeling (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;I, 451). Much earlier, Baader also criticized Jacobi’s reliance on feeling.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Elsewhere, Dooyeweerd says that Fichte tried to use the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;ethical&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;aspect as the connecting link. He says that Fichte is “the father of the entire dialectical-reflective way of thinking.” Fichte noted the pitfall in conceiving of the selfhood in its logical thought-activity, when he spoke of a tension between “absolute ego” and “thinking ego.” Fichte sought the selfhood not in “theoretical” but in “practical reason.” “In other words, to him, theoretical thought was&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;ethically determined&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;from the outset” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 142-43). Dooyeweerd rejects that solution, too. Fichte’s idea of practical reason absolutizes the moral aspect, and his dialectical thought usurps the task of the cosmic order (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 420). But is not this priority of practical reason—of practical judgments—the very solution that DeMoor is attempting to revive? DeMoor acknowledges that for Kant, it is practical philosophy that gives the ability to autonomously apply norms to oneself. And he acknowledges that in Fichte, theoretical reason is grounded in practical reason (DeMoor, 113-114).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;As we have seen, Dooyeweerd emphasizes that our self-knowledge is derived from “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Self-reflection.html"&gt;religious self-reflection&lt;/a&gt;” in which we recognize our&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Supratemporal.html"&gt;supratemporal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Selfhood.html"&gt;selfhood&lt;/a&gt;. This self-reflection is not reflexive. Religious self-reflection goes beyond the bounds of theoretical thought and is not caught within theoretical thought as in the case of reflexive thought. So what are DeMoor’s arguments for finding reflexivity of thought in Dooyeweerd?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Consciousness.html"&gt;Cosmic consciousness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor says that both Kant and Fichte ground their idea of autonomy or self-legislation in the “capacity for reflexivity or self-consciousness; that is, the ability to relate our actions to ourselves as the agents of those actions” (DeMoor 114). He sees an analogue of this in Dooyeweerd’s idea of cosmic consciousness, where we are aware of our temporal functions as “our own.” DeMoor refers to Dooyeweerd’s statement that we would not even be aware of a sweet taste if our intuition did not relate our sensory impressions to our selfhood (DeMoor 122, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 478). This is a point that has received far too little attention in reformational philosophy. See&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 5&lt;/a&gt;. But it is there not to demonstrate the reflexivity of our thought (which Dooyeweerd rejects), but rather the way that our temporal body, which functions in the temporal aspects, is related to our supratemporal selfhood. Cosmic consciousness has nothing to do with any reflexivity in Fichte’s sense. DeMoor misunderstands this reference to cosmic consciousness of sweetness as being theoretical. But cosmic consciousness is always pre-theoretical. Dooyeweerd warns against this being misinterpreted theoretically:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This integral experience of reality must not in any way be misinterpreted theoretically in accordance with the functionalistic view-points of immanence-philosophy (e.g., as something of a purely sensory psychical nature, or as a synthetical logical arrangement of sensory impressions. (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 474-75).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Cosmic consciousness is pre-theoretical and is related to religious self-reflection, and to our&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Experience.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hineinleben&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, entering into temporal reality (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 475;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 1&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd elsewhere speaks of the importance of what is our own: our temporal functions are “not foreign” [&lt;em&gt;niet vreemd&lt;/em&gt;] to us [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm20"&gt;20&lt;/a&gt;]. Dooyeweerd’s use of the idea of cosmic consciousness is to overcome a dualistic anthropology of body and soul. In immanence philosophy, it is frequently only the logical aspect that is viewed as our true self, which is then absolutized. The other temporal functions are then deemed foreign, and need to be related to the logical. But Dooyeweerd emphasizes that all of the temporal functions, not just the logical, are “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Own.html"&gt;our own&lt;/a&gt;.” As already mentioned, he views Fichte as having absolutized the moral function. And so Fichte’s reflexivity, even if it tries to get around the problem of logical&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Hypostasis.html"&gt;absolutization&lt;/a&gt;, does not solve the problem of absolutization in immanence philosophy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Consciousness.html"&gt;Cosmological consciousness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Whereas cosmic consciousness belongs to&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/naive.html"&gt;naïve experience&lt;/a&gt;, cosmological consciousness belongs to&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Theoretical.html"&gt;theoretical&lt;/a&gt;experience (See&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 91&lt;/a&gt;). In theory, we first become aware of the modal&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/aspects.html"&gt;aspects&lt;/a&gt;, which are&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Dis-stasis.html"&gt;split apart&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;from their coherent&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Systasis.html"&gt;systasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;into a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Dis-stasis.html"&gt;dis-stasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm21"&gt;21&lt;/a&gt;]. In cosmological consciousness, we become aware of these aspects as&lt;em&gt;distinguished in theory&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;as “our own.” We experience the identity of these aspects with our own modes of consciousness, and our&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;theoretical&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Intuition.html"&gt;intuition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm22"&gt;22&lt;/a&gt;] relates the aspects back to the unity of our supratemporal selfhood, in which these aspects&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Coincidence.html"&gt;coincide&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 11, 83, 84, 90&lt;/a&gt;). But DeMoor confuses cosmological and cosmic consciousness; he cites&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 474 as being theoretical, when it is not (DeMoor, 122). Theory cannot reveal the analytical aspect as “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Own.html"&gt;our own&lt;/a&gt;.” For that we rely on cosmic consciousness (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 475).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;DeMoor refers to&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 473:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In the transcendental temporal direction of theoretical intuition, our selfhood becomes&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;cosmologically conscious of itself&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;in the temporal coherence and diversity of all its modal functions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But DeMoor does not cite the words that immediately following:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;It is human personality that operates in cognition; it is not one or more of its abstracted modal functions. In its religious root this personality transcends its temporal acts and modal functions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;So cosmological consciousness is the consciousness of our supratemporal selfhood in relation to the modal aspects, which have been distinguished or set apart in theoretical dis-stasis. Cosmological consciousness is not a consciousness based on merely one modal function in an abstracted sense (whether that modal function be the sensory, the analytical, or the ethical). Therefore, Dooyeweerd’s idea of cosmological consciousness has nothing to do with either Kant’s logical unity of apperception, nor with Fichte’s reflexive kind of self-consciousness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Enstasy.html"&gt;Enstasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor also refers to the way that Dooyeweerd distinguishes human consciousness from&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Animals.html"&gt;animal&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;consciousness. Animals merely experience a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;subjective undergoing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;of sense impressions whereas human consciousness is&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;enstatic&lt;/em&gt;(DeMoor 123, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 539). Again, ‘&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Enstasy.html"&gt;enstasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;’ is a term that is too often ignored by reformational philosophy. But DeMoor does not quite get it right. Dooyeweerd’s emphasis is not just on temporal continuity, which he calls ‘&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Systasis.html"&gt;systasis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.’ His emphasis in using the term ‘&lt;em&gt;enstasis&lt;/em&gt;’ is the way that our supratemporal selfhood is able to enter into temporal reality. We do this both in naïve experience and in theoretical experience. This is what distinguishes us from animals, which merely undergo sense impressions, as opposed to the entering into of temporal reality and experiencing it as “our own.” Dooyeweerd also refers to this entering into as a ‘&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Experience.html"&gt;Hineinleben&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;’ (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 1&lt;/a&gt;). Animals, who are caught within time, are&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;ec-statically&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;lost within time. So Dooyeweerd’s use of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;enstasis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;relates to our supratemporal selfhood; it does not support Fichte’s immanent view of consciousness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IV. The correlation between subjectivity and objectivity&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Prolegomena1.html"&gt;opening pages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Critique&lt;/em&gt;, Dooyeweerd criticizes those who posit a transcendental subject of thought, a subject that is not really transcendent, and who then oppose such an abstraction to all of experienceable reality in the supposed counterpole of “&lt;em&gt;Gegenständlichkeit&lt;/em&gt;” (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 8). Is it not precisely that kind of polarity of subject and object that DeMoor is advocating? We need to examine more closely what Dooyeweerd means by ‘subject,’ ‘object,’ and the ‘&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Subject-ObjectRel.html"&gt;subject-object relation&lt;/a&gt;.’&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. Supratemporal subject versus immanent subject&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor acknowledges that his comparison between Fichte and Dooyeweerd does not “go all the way down.” He says,&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Unlike in Fichte’s conception, Dooyeweerd’s intuition relates not to a primarily rational, transcendental ego, but to the transcendent religious self-hood (though is seems that this transcendent selfhood nevertheless has a certain transcendental role to play, even if it is not itself the final unconditioned condition). (DeMoor 123 fn27)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But Fichte’s use of the ego as rational and transcendental depends on immanence philosophy, and an absolutization of temporal aspects. How then can there be any similarity in his view of the selfhood with that of Dooyeweerd’s supratemporal transcendent selfhood?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. Object:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;a) A generated world versus the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Given.html"&gt;givenness&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of experience&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor correctly cites Dooyeweerd’s view that for Fichte, the absolute ego has the infinite task to create from itself the cosmos as the product of absolute freedom. The “I” posits itself and the “not-I” simultaneously (DeMoor 119, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;I, 416). And yet DeMoor wants to argue that for Fichte, the world is not created by the ego, but only “posited by the ego as that which limits the ego’s freedom.” “The external world, as mentioned, is thought of as being&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;for&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;the subject. This does not mean that it is&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;created&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;by the I…” (DeMoor, 108, 109). What can he mean by “only posited?” Dooyeweerd’s criticism here seems appropriate–that Fichte’s metaphysic of history, as shown in his&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Grundzüge&lt;/em&gt;, is under “a constant threat of an apriori construction of historical development. The empirical temporal material of experience is reasoned away (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 480). In contrast to Fichte’s views of the world being generated or posited by the ego, Dooyeweerd’s own view is that the cosmic world order is one that is given by God (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b) Object versus&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Gegenstand.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor wants to show a contrast between noetic subject and known object (DeMoor 121). But this is the same contrast that Dooyeweerd finds in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Immanence.html"&gt;immanence philosophy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and rejects. The theoretical&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is not the same as an object. A&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;has no&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Being.html"&gt;ontical&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;reality. It is purely&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Intentional.html"&gt;intentional&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm23"&gt;23&lt;/a&gt;]. Dooyeweerd points to the current in immanence philosophy that relies on reflexive thought. He says it makes “a fatal confusion between object and&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;” (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 50). We need to discuss this in more detail by examining the subject-object relation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;c)&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Subject-ObjectRel.html"&gt;Subject-object relation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;i) Supposed interdependence of subject and object&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;For DeMoor, the subject and object of knowledge are mutually dependent (DeMoor, 106). But from Dooyeweerd’s point of view, to say that there is mutual dependence would result in Fichte’s dialectical view of the selfhood. For Dooyeweerd, objects outside of us do not determine our identity. That would amount to a mediated knowledge of our supratemporal selfhood in terms of the temporal (as in postmodern ideas of mediation). Instead, for Dooyeweerd it is the temporal that is known by means of our selfhood. The mediation is always upwards for Dooyeweerd, just as it is for Baader. Baader says, quoting St. Martin, we explain the world by man, not man by the world (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;11, 233). Dooyeweerd says that same thing in reference to the animal world:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Man cannot be understood if we begin with animals. It is the other way around: animals can only be understood on the basis of man, for only within the act-structure of human embodiment can the animal substructure of this act-structure disclose its relation to our acts of knowledge and thus become known by us. [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm24"&gt;24&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd says that we analyze the temporal world only by relating it to our inner selfhood. We&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;illuminate&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;the world from within. We apply a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Image.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;figure&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(which is intentional and internal) to the external world. We can do this because we are aware of the identity of the modal aspects within our own temporal functioning in the world and aspects within which other individuality structures function. But the mediation is always upwards. The world finds its meaning and existence in man, and man in turn finds his meaning and existence in the Origin, God (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 3, 9, 66, 67, 74, 77, 94&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ii)&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/naive.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Naïve experience&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Theoretical.html"&gt;theoretical experience&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor says that naïve experience is the “home” of the subject-object relation, but says that the subject-object relation also takes place in theoretical thought (DeMoor 121 fn25, 122). That is incorrect, as Dooyeweerd strenuously argued in his&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Kentheoretische.html"&gt;last article against D.F.M. Strauss (“Gegenstandsrelatie”&lt;/a&gt;). First, the subject-object relation is restricted to naïve experience. Second, the subject-object relation does not give us knowledge of the modal aspects; in our pre-theoretical experience, we have no awareness of the modal aspects as distinct. Third, the subject-object relation is restricted to our knowledge of individuality structures, and our naïve concepts are similarly restricted. Finally, Dooyeweerd emphasizes that the subject-object relation is not just between modal aspects, but also within each modal aspect itself. This view of the subject-object was denied by&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Notes/VollenhovenNotes.html"&gt;Vollenhoven&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm25"&gt;25&lt;/a&gt;], and so is not commonly understood in reformational philosophy. Vollenhoven admitted only a relation between humans and objects in the world, and that is also how DeMoor sees it: as a relation between agents and things (DeMoor 120). DeMoor cites Dooyeweerd in support of his proposition that the subject side is the active knowing side and the object side is the known side:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The modal subject is the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;active&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;pole on the subject-side of the modal aspect, whereas the modal object is the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;passive&lt;/em&gt;, merely objective pole (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 370, cited by DeMoor 120 fn23).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor says that this “grounds the epistemic relation between knowers and things known). But this is a misinterpretation. As Geertsema correctly points out, the subject-object relation is a modal relation, and not an epistemological one [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm26"&gt;26&lt;/a&gt;]. This specific passage in the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Critique&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;concerns the subject-object relation within the modal aspects themselves; it is contained in the chapter “The Subject-Object relation in the modal aspects.” Within each aspect, or mode of our consciousness, there is a subject-object relation. Earlier aspects are objectified in the later. This gives a very different view of perception [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm27"&gt;27&lt;/a&gt;]. And, as we shall see, it has a bearing on the positivization of law in the normative aspects.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The page of the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Critique&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;cited by DeMoor, as well as the previous pages (368-9), clearly state that the modal object must not be confused with the theoretical Gegenstand. On page 368, Dooyeweerd criticizes Fichte for doing exactly that:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In Fichte’s subjective freedom-idealism the object as the&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;non-I&lt;/em&gt;, as the counterpole to the transcendental&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;I&lt;/em&gt;, turns into ‘the sensualized material of our duty.’ this subject-object schema appears in all possible manners of precision and variation in Humanistic philosophy. (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 368)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd rejects such a humanistic identification of object and&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;. But that is precisely what DeMoor is attempting to do! DeMoor is attempting to identify the transcendental “I” as the subject, the knower, and Fichte’s “non-I” as the theoretical object. He is advocating what Dooyeweerd has already rejected. Dooyeweerd goes on to say that this wrong identification of object and&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is related to a view of objectivity that is identified with universal validity and law-conformity. But Dooyeweerd says that objectivity must not be confused with universally valid law-conformity. Subject and object are both individual. And on page 371, Dooyeweerd says that the relation between the individual subject and the individual object cannot be reduced to general or typical law. And so DeMoor’s whole argument of creating norms or general laws by means of a subject-object relation is based on a humanistic immanence philosophy that is contrary to Dooyeweerd’s own philosophy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Theoretical thought is based on the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Gegenstand.html"&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Gegenstand.html"&gt;-relation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and not the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Subject-ObjectRel.html"&gt;subject-object relation&lt;/a&gt;. DeMoor misunderstands the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;-relation when he says that the analytical aspect is “the subjective pole of the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;-relation” (DeMoor 121). But this is the same logicistic error made by Strauss. Dooyeweerd’s&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Kentheoretische.html"&gt;last article “Gegenstandsrelatie”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is directed against this error. It is not the aspect that is the subjective pole. The subject is our full selfhood, even in the act of theoretical thought. Our supratemporal selfhood, as subject, enters into temporal reality and opposes one aspect to another, in a purely intentional and non-ontical way [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 89&lt;/a&gt;]. That opposition is not the same as the subject-object relation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;To confuse the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gegenstand&lt;/em&gt;-relation with the subject-object relation will also confuse the distinction between naïve and theoretical experience (See “&lt;em&gt;Gegenstandsrelatie&lt;/em&gt;”) [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm28"&gt;28&lt;/a&gt;]. Already in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 50 Dooyeweerd pointed out the danger of this confusion. He refers specifically to the idea of reflexive thought: “There is a current in immanence philosophy that sees philosophic thinking as reflexive, turned inwards to the act of thinking itself.” He goes on to say that such immanence philosophers cannot give an account of the nature of the synthesis of meaning.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But immanence philosophy supposes that naïve experience is caught in the same over-against [&lt;em&gt;tegenoverstellend&lt;/em&gt;] attitude of thought as are the special sciences. As we shall see, this is the greatest possible misunderstanding of the nature of naïve experience. It also shows that immanence philosophy, by the choice of its&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Archimedean.html"&gt;Archimedean point&lt;/a&gt;, is not really able to&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Giveaccount.html"&gt;give an account&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of naïve experience. (&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 50, my translation).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;V. The autonomy or spontaneity of the agent&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor says that this issue of autonomy arises only because he has established the other two similarities with Fichte. As already discussed, DeMoor has not established those two points at all. Therefore, the following discussion may be superfluous. But let us look at his argument anyway.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor wants to distinguish the dogma of the autonomy of thought from the idea of rational autonomy in normative law. This distinction appears in the title of his article. DeMoor argues that Dooyeweerd is caught in an idealist paradox of norms: that “the same act cannot simultaneously&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;generate&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;or&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;apply&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a rule and&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;be subject to that rule&lt;/em&gt;” (DeMoor 118). He says that Fichte may have discovered the solution to this dilemma. He refers to Fichte’s idea that the subject’s being-determined is a “being-determined to be self-determining”–that we are summoned to engage in a self-determining activity. In this way, DeMoor wants to arrive at the postmodern idea that we humans have been given the “gift” of autonomy [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm29"&gt;29&lt;/a&gt;]. As I pointed out in “Mystical Dooyeweerd,” Sauer had already interpreted Baader’s philosophy in this postmodern way [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm30"&gt;30&lt;/a&gt;]. But I do not think that this interpretation is correct, either for Baader or for Dooyeweerd. Both of them deny any such idea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But let us look at DeMoor’s arguments for why he says that we are subjectively called to determine ourselves in an autonomous way:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. The subjective&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/apriori.html"&gt;a priori&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor correctly points out that Dooyeweerd distinguishes among various&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Dimension.html"&gt;horizons of experience&lt;/a&gt;: the religious, temporal, modal and plastic horizons (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 552-60). Dooyeweerd insists that the religious structural horizon is given to us, set by God. This is the ontological&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;a priori&lt;/em&gt;. For Dooyeweerd, the cognitive subject does not create the horizon of his experience himself (DeMoor 123, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 548). And there is also subjective a priori that is dependent on the ontological a priori; it gives insight into the ontological a priori (DeMoor 123-24, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 552). Another way of saying this is that Dooyeweerd distinguishes between ontical conditions and subjective presuppositions (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 2&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But DeMoor then confuses these issues by saying that even the religious&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a priori&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;has a subjective character because we can direct it towards God or away from God. But the fact that we can subjectively misunderstand the ontological givenness does not make that givenness subjective! We subjectively “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Giveaccount.html"&gt;give an account&lt;/a&gt;” of those ontical conditions (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 2, 3&lt;/a&gt;). In the giving account, our theoretical thought is directed by religious Ground-motives that direct our thought either towards Truth or falsehood (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 36, 37&lt;/a&gt;). We can subjectively deny the true conditions of knowledge and substitute&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Hypostasis.html"&gt;absolutized&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temporal conditions. But that does not mean that the ontical conditions themselves are subjective. And yet DeMoor says that human experience would be impossible without a subjective mediation of (insight into) structural law (DeMoor 124). But that makes ontology dependent on epistemology, the same mistake made by Strauss, and rejected by Dooyeweerd in his&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Kentheoretische.html"&gt;last article “Gegenstandsrelatie.”&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. The subjective moment in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Postivize.html"&gt;positivization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of law&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;A second, quite different argument for rational autonomy is Dooyeweerd’s statement that there is a subjective moment in the positivization of normative law. Here is the quotation cited by DeMoor (125):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In the historical and post-historical aspects the laws acquire a concrete sense through human positivizing of Divine normative principles. The human formative will is then to be conceived as a subjective moment on the law-side of these law spheres themselves (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 239).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;a) The quotation is taken out of context&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor says (125) that this quotation shows that the structural horizon of our experience is&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;constituted&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;by the subjective&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;priori&lt;/em&gt;. DeMoor acknowledges that for Dooyeweerd, this subjective moment applies only to the normative spheres, and not to the pre-normative aspects. Thus, it is not correct to say that the entire structural horizon of our experience is involved in this process. That is one significant difference from Fichte and Kant, who believed that we are involved in constituting even natural laws. But even with respect to the normative spheres, this quotation refers to “human positivizing of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Divine normative&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;principles&lt;/em&gt;.” On the same page, Dooyeweerd specifically rejects the idea that the human formative will is the creator of the positive norms. And so DeMoor’s conclusion is not one that Dooyeweerd himself accepted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;b) False either/or choice of idealism or realism&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor gives a false dichotomy between realism (a given, pre-existing law) and idealism (creating the law). DeMoor says that Dooyeweerd wants “to maintain a robust realism about normativity” (DeMoor 106). By ‘realism,’ DeMoor means a view where laws are a cosmological&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;a priori,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and cannot be instituted by creatures that are subject to them (DeMoor 120). By ‘idealism’ he means that the&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;a priori&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;normative conditions for both subjectivity and objectivity are ideal: instituted by agents subject to them, rather than simply imposed from outside (DeMoor 123).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But Dooyeweerd rejects both idealism and realism. He rejects a critical realism that assumes a formally knowable “world in itself.” It is incompatible with naïve experience. But naïve experience is also incompatible with critical idealism. Both realism and idealism “fundamentally curtail the integral structure of reality” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;III, 46-47).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Because it is a side of temporal reality, the law-side cannot be separated from the subject-side. The Enlightenment tried to separate the subject-side from the logical law sphere (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 132). But Dooyeweerd says that there is no absolute law that is separate from the subject-side. Dooyeweerd does not accept the idea of absolute norms existing for every historical situation. There are no absolute logical, ethical aesthetic norms. He says that this is thoroughly contradictory, and is an attempt to conceive of their meaning modi apart from their intermodal coherence with all the other aspects. (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 240). The entire conception of absolute rights of the individual is, as such, in conflict with the fundamental structure of any positive legal order. Every right is by nature relative (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 357, fn 1).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But realism and idealism are not the only choices here. Robert Nozick [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm31"&gt;31&lt;/a&gt;] sets out five possibilities in discussing these issues:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;i) nihilism. No true values or ought statements exist.&lt;br /&gt;ii) realism or Platonism: values exist and have their character independently of our choices and attitudes.&lt;br /&gt;iii) idealism or creationism: values exist, but their existence and their character are both dependent on our choices, attitudes, commitments and structuring&lt;br /&gt;iv) formationism or romanticism: values exist independently of us, but inchoately. “We choose or determine (within limits?) their precise character; we sculpt and delineate them.”&lt;br /&gt;v) realizationism: “We choose or determine that there be values, that they exist, but their character is independent of us.” The existence of values is dependent on us, but the content of value is independent of us: we have an independent external standard to align with and track. Nozick discusses how this view has been emphasized in mathematics, physics, the arts, psychoanalysis and literature; he believes it is a coherent position. He expands on this view of how we can choose that there be value but do not choose its character.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;I find Nozick’s possibilities much more satisfying than DeMoor’s either/or choice. Dooyeweerd seems to me not to fit within option (iv). Although Baader certainly influenced romanticism [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm32"&gt;32&lt;/a&gt;], romanticism tends to absolutize the modal aspect of feeling. Option (v), the realization of values that are independent of us, appears much more correct, if we take Dooyeweerd’s idea of “&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Principle.html"&gt;principles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;” that need to be realized. But Dooyeweerd would not agree with Nozick’s use of the terms ‘reflexivity’ and ‘autonomy’ in relation to such realization.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;c)&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Principle.html"&gt;Principles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This idea of a principle, which is positivized in different historical circumstances, can be understood only on the basis of Dooyeweerd’s view of totality that differentiates both as to its law and subject-sides. And this is very different from either realism, which assumes a constant or absolute reality, as well as from idealism, which assumes that we construct values without reference to any guiding criterion.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;For Dooyeweerd, even if norms are not specified absolutely for each historical situation, they are given “in principle.” This is comparable to the constitution of the Free University, which Kuyper set up referring to reformational principles. Dooyeweerd praised him for not specifying them any further [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm33"&gt;33&lt;/a&gt;]. To understand this, we need to see the use of the idea of principle [&lt;em&gt;beginsel&lt;/em&gt;] in Dooyeweerd and in Christian theosophical thought. Principles are given in the beginning, just as God created&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;principio&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm34"&gt;34&lt;/a&gt;] . But this creation was as a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Totality.html"&gt;totality&lt;/a&gt;. It does not make sense to speak of universals or of individuals in relation to such totality. The totality&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Individual.html"&gt;individuates&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in time, both as to subject and object. Man’s task is to illuminate temporal reality from within by relating it back to the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Root.html"&gt;supratemporal root&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(his&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Selfhood.html"&gt;selfhood&lt;/a&gt;) and to the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Arche.html"&gt;Origin&lt;/a&gt;(God). Man failed at this task, and so Christ, the New Root, was needed. (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 75, 94&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;This idea of a “principle” which is supratemporal and only&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;realized&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;temporally is one that was current at the time that Dooyeweerd was formulating his philosophy. For example, J.D. Bierens de Haan, a Hegelian Dutch philosopher (1866-1943) wrote about totality in the sense of “central Principle” (“&lt;em&gt;centrale Beginsel&lt;/em&gt;”) [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm35"&gt;35&lt;/a&gt;]. As totality, this central principle is not a sum of all phenomena. And whoever thinks truthfully must think of the experienceable world in connection with its central principle. (pp 14-15). The problem of philosophy is to understand the experienceable world in connection with Totality.” (p. 248).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But it is not only Hegelians that speak of principles in this way–as being realized in time. We also find this in Baader (Sauter, 87 ff). Baader says that all knowing is both given and given to us as a task (“&lt;em&gt;gegeben und aufgegeben&lt;/em&gt;”). The “true&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;a priori&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is only the principle or the beginning of knowledge, and not yet its completion.”[&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm36"&gt;36&lt;/a&gt;] There is no finished virtue and no finished truth (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;8, 37). There is no virtue without heartbreak (&lt;em&gt;Herzzerbrechen&lt;/em&gt;) and no knowing without racking our brains (&lt;em&gt;Kopfzerbrechen&lt;/em&gt;) (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;5, 259; 2, 156; 1, 146; 9, 109ff). We must take the knowledge that is given “in principle” (“&lt;em&gt;im&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Prinzip&lt;/em&gt;”) or “potentially” (“&lt;em&gt;in potentia&lt;/em&gt;”) and complete this by effectual spontaneity (“&lt;em&gt;auswirkende Selbsttätigkeit&lt;/em&gt;”). We assist truth in its victory by successively sublating the untrue (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 37f; 2, 156; 9, 9f). And so Baader did not agree with Kant in viewing the categories as constant. Sauter correctly observes that Kant viewed the categories in too mathematical a way. Baader criticized Kant’s view that our concepts determine the blind matter of our experience. For Kant’s view assumes that the concepts are already finished, whereas for Baader, the form and that which is fulfilled both come into existence in their conjunction, and this is possible only by means of the “inner presence” of a common supra-individual unity (Sauter, 87, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;12, 266f). In our thinking, we need to hold ourselves in immediate free community with original thought (Urdenken) (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;8, 107). Our thinking depends on our prior being thought by God. Not “&lt;em&gt;cogito ergo sum&lt;/em&gt;” but “&lt;em&gt;cogitor (a deo) ergo&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;sum&lt;/em&gt;” (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;12, 238). Positivizing is also related to Baader’s idea of active knowledge, or ‘&lt;em&gt;erkennen&lt;/em&gt;.’ Susini compares erkennen to Claudel’s idea of ‘&lt;em&gt;connaisance&lt;/em&gt;,’ or ‘&lt;em&gt;co-naissance&lt;/em&gt;.’ It is a giving birth to something, a constructive knowledge. But this constructive knowledge should not be confused with&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Constructivism.html"&gt;constructivism&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in today’s sense of the word. For Baader,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;erkennen&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is not a matter of inventing new principles, but of discovering them. It is a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;finden&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(finding), and not an&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;erfinden&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(invention). The knowledge that we find comes from a source that ‘dominates’ and founds this knowledge. (Susini I, 432;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Weltalter&lt;/em&gt;261).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Baader also says that the law needs to be fulfilled in the finite being. Man has the power to fulfill the laws for creatures (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/baader/Elementar.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Elementarbegriffe&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 553). This response needs the cooperation of the finite being (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/baader/Zeit.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Zeit&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;32, 33). Man must organize and re-create the world; the laws are in the world but must be actualized. This is done by our perception [&lt;em&gt;vernehmen, wahrnehmen&lt;/em&gt;] of the invisible laws that govern the earthly world. Nature is a book from which we decipher the divine characters or hieroglyphs in order to perceive the voice of God (&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;11, 29, 149).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Like Baader, Dooyeweerd also says that there are no absolute truths. He says, on the page immediately following the one relied on by DeMoor, “the notion of absolute logical, ethical and aesthetic norms is thoroughly contradictory” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;II, 240). Dooyeweerd praised Kuyper, who in setting up the constitution of the Vrije Universiteit, referred only to “reformational principles” without spelling them out (“&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/1964Lecture.html"&gt;1964 Talk&lt;/a&gt;”).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;d)&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Postivize.html"&gt;Positivization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and the&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Historical.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;historical aspect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;In the quotation cited by DeMoor on the subjective element in positivization, Dooyeweerd says that there is a subjective “moment.”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Moment.html"&gt;Moments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;are the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Anticipation.html"&gt;anticipations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;and&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Retrocipation.html"&gt;retrocipations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;within an aspect. On the page immediately prior to this quotation, it is clear that the moment he is referring to, both in its original form and in its anticipations and retrocipations, is the historical aspect. Dooyeweerd refers to an “interlacing of super-arbitrary principles and human formative will” within the historical aspect, and by analogy in the succeeding normative spheres. It is in the historical moment that the human formative will is involved. So to understand what Dooyeweerd means, we need to understand the importance of the historical aspect for him, as the aspect of “free formative control.” Many reformational philosophers have denied the existence of this historical aspect, and perhaps this is why DeMoor does not discuss it. It is by means of the historical aspect that Dooyeweerd believes he can avoid viewing norms in the rationalistic way (as absolutes) or in the positivistic way (as being created by humans) (NC II, 239). Rather, the norms are principles that are realized in history. To understand this better, we need to look at Dooyeweerd in more detail.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;i)&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Subject-ObjectRel.html"&gt;Subject-object relation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;within each aspect&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;As already discussed, the subject-object relation is not between a knower and an object, but within the modal aspects themselves. Thus, every modal structure has a subject-object relation within it. As discussed, Vollenhoven and his followers deny this. It seems that DeMoor does not recognize this, either. But if every modal aspect has the subject-object relation within it, then it is not surprising that the normative ones have a subjective “moment” within them.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ii) Moments are temporal analogies&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Moments are the temporal anticipations and retrocipations. These analogies are not the same as the supratemporal religious law, or the “principle” that is only realized in time. Moments are analogies. In this case, Dooyeweerd says it is the historical moment that is of interest. As already discussed, Dooyeweerd denies that there are absolute logical, ethical and aesthetic norms. We cannot understand these modes apart from their intermodal coherence with all the other modes. And, Dooyeweerd says, among these is the historical modus (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 238-41). The historical mode of experience is the mode of “free formative control.” The interlacing of superarbitrary principles and human formative will is “on the law-side of the historical sphere” and “in an analogical way for all the later normative law-spheres” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 238). DeMoor gives no discussion of this mode. That may be because he, like Vollenhoven and many other reformational philosophers, does not accept this as a mode. But without this, it is not possible to understand the idea of positivization. And our positivizing formation is “an historical analogy in all the post-historical law-spheres” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 237). This gives a “variable formation” to these norms, but not an arbitrary formation. “Their supra-arbitrary Divine content has been given in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;principle&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;only” (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 238). Because Vollenhoven and reformationals who follow him have denied that the historical is a modal aspect, they do not understand this argument. Because they deny the historical, they fall into the error of historicism. And I suggest that DeMoor’s view of norms being created is a result of that kind of historicistic thinking, and that he therefore views norms as entirely determined by historical development.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;iii) Free historical formation&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd says that even the analytical aspect (which precedes the historical aspect in time) is only given in principle. We have been given principles such as the principles of identity, contradiction, sufficient reason, exclusion of the third (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 238). But even these logical principles require theoretical forming in order for us to think scientifically (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 241). All later normative spheres are founded on the formation of those logical principles. Temporal normative freedom is founded in the logical aspect of thought. Thus, positivizing is rational. But DeMoor is incorrect that it is rational “autonomy” for that would ignore the giving of norms “in principle.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The historical aspect is the mode of “free formative control.” It cannot be done without the analytical, but it is this free forming that in turn is the basis for the positivization of the later norms. Even the pre-analytical norms can only be disclosed by historically founded human formation, and so even these norms have only a restricted independence of historical development (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 239).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But what does Dooyeweerd mean by “free” in this “free formative control?” DeMoor identifies freedom with spontaneity and autonomy. But for Dooyeweerd, such a meaning for spontaneity is related to the freedom pole of the&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Nature-Freedom.html"&gt;dialectical humanistic Ground-motive.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;DeMoor acknowledges that Fichte followed this freedom pole, and he cites Dooyeweerd’s criticism that this view believes that one creates the cosmos from oneself (DeMoor 119, citing&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 416). It is therefore surprising that he wants to attribute this same view of freedom and spontaneity to Dooyeweerd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;But what Dooyeweerd means by free control is a contrast with animal instinct. For example, a spider may spin a web according to a fixed form, but we have freedom to form in accordance with a project that we intend (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 198). We differ from animals in that we have a supratemporal selfhood that is able to enter into time, whereas animals are lost within time (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 71&lt;/a&gt;). As already discussed, Baader has a similar view: our spontaneity means we are different from the animals, but we do not have absolute spontaneity. Dooyeweerd says that even in the natural aspects, preceding the analytical aspect, we have freedom. The only difference is that this freedom in the natural aspects does not appeal to rational judgment (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 238). [&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/DeMoor.html#dm37"&gt;37&lt;/a&gt;]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;iv) The historical&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Opening.html"&gt;opening process&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;How are the supratemporal principles&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;realized&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in time? To understand this, we need to look at the “opening process.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd says that the dynamic nature of the law-side is not so much found in the fact of positivization as in the unfolding of the anticipations in the law-spheres:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Volgens de W.d.W. schuilt de zin-dynamiek aan de wetszijde der normatieve aspecten niet, gelijk Van Peursen meent, in de menselijke positivering van de normbeginselen, maar veeleer in de ontsluiting van hun anticiperende structuurmomenten, die zich eerst in de voortwijzende tijdsrichting openbaren. (“Critische Vragen,” 111)&lt;br /&gt;[According to the WdW, the meaning-dynamic on the law-side of the normative aspects does not consist in their human positivization, as Van Peursen supposes, but much rather in the unfolding of their anticipatory structural moments, which first reveal themselves in the forward-looking direction of time.]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd distinguishes between realization in a closed society and in an opened society. In a primitive, closed society, the realizations are by means of retrocipations in the aspects. Such a closed society may even have legal principles that have been positivized to legal norms. But when the positivizing reveals itself in the opened or anticipatory direction, it can do this only by means of the anticipatory moments that are determined by the modal structure of the relevant aspects. From this discussion, it appears that Dooyeweerd’s idea of positivization includes the idea of freedom, in the sense of freedom to open up a society, and then freedom to discover the anticipatory moments. But that is not an invention or creation of the norms, but an imaginative opening up of a structure that is given only in potential. Even the pre-logical aspects can be opened up. He gives the example of the laws of energy, which in a closed society reveal themselves only within the domain of inorganic nature.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. DeMoor’s problem of the freedom to be wrong.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor recognizes that if he is correct in his interpretation of our freedom to create norms, then we have the problem of how such free activity of positing could ever be wrong. An agent is only free when capable of making an error, violating a norm that it nonetheless remains bound by (DeMoor 111).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd does not have this problem, since for him the criterion is whether our positivizing is directed towards the supratemporal root and Origin-thus fulfilling temporal reality—or whether it is directed merely temporally in an absolutizing and idolatrous way (&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 66, 75&lt;/a&gt;). He also provides another criterion for historical positivization: that it be progressive and not reactionary (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;II, 242).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor’s problem of how a free choice of law can be wrong, is a real antinomy, which arises only because he has begun with immanence philosophy. He tries to get out of it by pointing to two possible solutions:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;a) Hegel’s dialectic of concept and object (DeMoor 127). It hardly needs to be pointed out that Dooyeweerd rejects any such dialectic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;b) Alternatively, we could attempt to show how our “call” to be autonomous can have a determinate content. This would correspond to Nozick’s fifth view of the nature of norms. But DeMoor correctly sees that this would conflict with Fichte’s requirement to be autonomous, and that for Fichte, it would be inappropriate to “act heteronomously” (i.e., in accordance with an outside determinate content). But such a view of law as heteronomous is precisely what Dooyeweerd (and Baader before him) advocate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor concludes that his view of rational autonomy does not commit one to the dogma of the autonomy of rationality. He says&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;…rationality (as a kind of norm-responsiveness and application) cannot be autonomous since it is made possible by a normative summons from another (ultimately from God); it is the agent that is autonomous, not the agent’s functions (128)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;And yet there is confusion here. For the norm-responsiveness he advocates is to a norm that we ourselves determine. In Kant, this was related to the dogma of the autonomy of thought. In Fichte, the idea of the reflexivity of thought is related to an elevation of the moral aspect. In its over-emphasis on the freedom of the individual agent, it remains immanence philosophy caught within a&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Dialectical.html"&gt;dialectic&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Definitions/Nature-Freedom.html"&gt;nature and freedom.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;VI. Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;DeMoor’s article is helpful in returning reformational philosophy to an examination of its historical sources. But the comparisons with Kant and Fichte do not lead to the conclusions that DeMoor suggests. Dooyeweerd, like Baader, criticized both Kant and Fichte. DeMoor fails to take this criticism into account. And DeMoor misinterprets Dooyeweerd’s philosophy.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd does not accept the idea of the reflexivity of thought. Religious self-reflection goes beyond theoretical thought, and it can do so because our supratemporal selfhood transcends all temporal functions, including the analytical. In contrast, reflexive thought is based in immanence philosophy and does not go beyond theoretical thought. Kant’s logical unity of apperception absolutizes the analytical aspect, and Fichte’s logical-reflexive dialectical thought absolutizes the moral aspect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dooyeweerd does not share Fichte’s idea of the subject-object relation. Dooyeweerd’s ideas of subject and object are also very different. And for Dooyeweerd, the subject-object relation does not characterize our theoretical thought.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;And Dooyeweerd does not see positivization in terms of autonomy, but as a realization within history of divine&lt;em&gt;principles&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;that are given to us supratemporally. Dooyeweerd is neither and idealist nor a realist, and so his thought is not subject to the dilemma that DeMoor sets out. But DeMoor’s own conclusions are involved in an antinomy between the absolute freedom of setting laws for ourselves and the possibility of such freedom being exercised improperly. To say that freedom can be exercised wrongly is dependent on a law outside of our freedom. Dooyeweerd rejects both the dogma of the autonomy of thought and DeMoor’s idea of rational autonomy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Endnotes&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[1] Dooyeweerd said that his philosophy is related to the perennial tradition. See&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;A New Critique of Theoretical Thought&lt;/em&gt;, (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1997; Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1969; first published 1953) [‘NC’], I, 118. This work is an English translation and revision of Dooyeweerd’s&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Prolegomena1.html"&gt;De Wijsbegeerte der Wetsidee&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, (Amsterdam: H.J. Paris, 1935) [‘&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;’]. And Dooyeweerd denies originality for his philosophy (See&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;II, vii-viii, not translated in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[2] J. Glenn Friesen: “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;95 Theses on Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/a&gt;,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;__ (2008).(forthcoming)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[3] J. Glenn Friesen: “&lt;a href="http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000088/index.html"&gt;The Mystical Dooyeweerd: The relation of his thought to Franz von Baader&lt;/a&gt;,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ars Disputandi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;3 (2003) [http://www.arsdisputandi.org/publish/articles/000088/index.html]; “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/Totality.html"&gt;Dooyeweerd, Spann, and the Philosophy of Totality&lt;/a&gt;,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;70 (2005) 2-22.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[4] See Lieuwe Mietus:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gunning en de theosofie: Een onderzoek naar de receptie van de christelijke theosofie in het werk van J.H. Gunning Jr. van 1863-1876&lt;/em&gt;, (Gorinchem: Narratio, 2006), and&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/aevum/Gunning.html"&gt;my review of this book&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;in&lt;em&gt;Philosophia&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reformata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;72 (2007) 86-91.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[5] See J. Glenn Friesen: “&lt;a href="http://www.arsdisputandi.org/%20publish/articles/000130/index.html"&gt;The Mystical Dooyeweerd Once Again: Kuyper’s Use of Franz von Baader&lt;/a&gt;,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ars Disputandi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;3 (2003) [http://www.arsdisputandi.org/ publish/articles/000130/index.html].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[6] Abraham Kuyper: “&lt;a href="http://www.neocalvinisme.nl/ak/broch/akverfl.html"&gt;De verflauwing der grenzen&lt;/a&gt;,” (Amsterdam: J.A. Wormser, 1982; http://www.neocalvinisme.nl/ak/broch/akverfl.html), 19-20.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[7] Kuyper cites Julius Baumann (1837-1916):&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Geschiedenis der Philosophie nach Ideëngehalt und Beweisen&lt;/em&gt;, (Gotha 1890), 342. Baumann was professor of philosophy at the University of Göttingen.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[8] Franz von Baader:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gesammelte Werke&lt;/em&gt;, (Leipzig, 1851; reprint Scientia verlag Aalen, 1987) 1, 9 [‘&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;’]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[9] Herman Dooyeweerd, “Advies over Roomsch-katholieke en Anti-revolutionaire Staatkunde.” (1923). See also his&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 12, 36 [&lt;em&gt;zelf gesteld&lt;/em&gt;] and being “fitted into” [&lt;em&gt;ingesteld, ingevoegd&lt;/em&gt;], I, 6, 22, 36, 64; II, 395, 401, 404, 494.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[10] Johann Sauter:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Baader und Kant&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1928) at 607: “Baader … als der sinnvolle Weiterbildner Kants!” Peter Koslowski reads Sauter as contrasting Baader and Kant, but says that Sauter failed to take into account Baader’s theosophical views (Peter Koslowski:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophien der Offenbarung: Antiker Gnostizismus, Franz von Baader, Schelling&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;(Vienna: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2001), 279.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[11] Immanuel Kant:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Critique of Pure Reason&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;[1781], tr. Norman Kemp Smith (New York: St. Martin’s, 1985), A 51/B 75.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[12] Einer “katzenbalgerei des Ichs und des Nicht-Ichs” die aber mit ein Hochzeit schließt.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm13"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[13] The&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;New Critique&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;gives a rather garbled translation that is hard to understand:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Philosophical self-reflection then supposes in any case, that our ego, which transcends the limits of theoretical thought, should direct its reflecting act of thought toward&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;itself&lt;/em&gt;. Philosophical thought does not return to itself, in the process of reflecting, but it is the ego which in the process of philosophical thinking should return to itself. And this actual return to oneself in the reflecting act of thought must finally transcend the limits to be arrived at (&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 7).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm14"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[14]&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 6 fails to bring out the contrast, and does not even refer to reflexiveness:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;That which remains [in this rejected viewpoint] is a so-called “transcendental-logical subject.” It no longer has anything individual in itself and does not&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;transcend&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;the boundaries of our logical function. It is conceived of as an immanent, subjective pole of thought, in opposition to which the entire experienceable reality recedes into the counter-pole of “&lt;em&gt;Gegenständlichkeit&lt;/em&gt;.” As such it is considered to be a transcendental pre-requisite of all concrete theoretical knowledge. For all knowledge is necessarily related to an ultimate “I think.” And the latter is nothing but the ultimate logical unity of the epistemological subject.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm15"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[15] Note that the coherence of meaning, the supratemporal Archimedean point and the eternal Origin all correspond to Dooyeweerd’s three transcendental problems, and to the three levels of cosmic time, aevum and eternity. See&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Theses 39 and 40.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;In&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;WdW&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;I, 9, Dooyeweerd says that we may reach this same conclusion by another train of thought, one that derives from the idea that philosophic thought is thinking about a totality.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm16"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[16] Herman Dooyeweerd: “Het transcendentale critiek van het wijsgeerig denken,”&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;6 (1941), 1-20 at 13.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm17"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[17] This index, compiled by H. de Jongste, improperly refers to J.J. Fichte instead of J.G. Fichte. Similar errors appear in the&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;NC&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[18] See discussion below of the meaning of ‘cosmic consciousness.’&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm19"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[19] Note: Dooyeweerd has his own view of&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/Imagination.html"&gt;productive imagination&lt;/a&gt;, but it is not limited to the sensory aspect. For Dooyeweerd, imagination is one of the three directions of acts that arise from out of our supratemporal selfhood, and which function in all aspects.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm20"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[20] Herman Dooyeweerd:&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;De Crisis der Humanistische Staatsleer, in het licht eener Calvinistische kosmologie en kennistheorie&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Amsterdam: Ten Have, 1931), 103.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm21"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[21] DeMoor mistakenly refers to the coherence as&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;enstasis&lt;/em&gt;. The coherence is&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;systasis&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Enstasis&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is the entering of our supratemporal selfhood into that&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;systasis&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" id="dm22" name="dm22"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[22] Dooyeweerd distinguishes pre-theoretical from theoretical intuition. See his last article, “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Kentheoretische.html"&gt;De Kentheoretische Gegenstandsrelatie en de Logische Subject-Objectrelatie&lt;/a&gt;,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;40 (1975) 83-101 [‘&lt;em&gt;Gegenstandsrelatie&lt;/em&gt;’].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm23"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[23] DeMoor misinterprets ‘intentional’ as referring to objects outside of oneself. Dooyeweerd’s use is to refer to what is within ourselves.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/95Theses.html"&gt;Thesis 88&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm24"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[24] Herman Dooyeweerd, “Schepping en Evolutie,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;24 (1959) 113-159, at135 (my translation). He repeats this in “Van Peursen’s Critische Vragen bij “A New Critique of Theoretical Thought,”&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata 25&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(1960, 97-150, at 135.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm25"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[25] See J. Glenn Friesen: “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/Dialectic.html"&gt;Dooyeweerd versus Vollenhoven: The religious dialectic within reformational philosophy&lt;/a&gt;,”&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;70 (2005) 102-132.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm26"&gt;[26]&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Henk Geertsema: “Dooyeweerd on Knowledge and Truth,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ways of knowing in concert&lt;/em&gt;, ed. John Kok (Dordt College Press 2005).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm27"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[27] See J. Glenn Friesen: “&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/Imagination.html"&gt;Imagination, Image of God and Wisdom of God: Theosophical Themes in Dooyeweerd’s Philosophy&lt;/a&gt;,” (2006), online at [http://www.members.shaw.ca/ hermandooyeweerd/Imagination.html].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm28"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[28] The confusion of naïve experience and theoretical experience is evident in DeMoor 120 fn24, where he tries to use the word ‘epistemic’ to include both. Our aesthetic appreciation of a rose may indeed be pre-theoretical. But why call it ‘epistemic?’ A judge’s knowledge of the insufficiency evidence is certainly theoretical.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm29"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[29] He refers to James Olthuis: “Be(com)ing: Humankind as Gift and Call,”&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;58 (1993) 153-72.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm30"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[30] Hanjo Sauer:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Ferment der Vermittlung: Zum Theologiebegriff bei Franz von Baader&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &amp;amp; Ruprecht, 1977).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm31"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[31] Robert Nozick:&lt;em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Philosophical Explanations&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Belknap Press, Harvard, 1981), 555 ff.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm32"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[32] See Eugène Susini:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Franz von Baader et le romantisme mystique&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(Paris: J. Vrin, 1942).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm33"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[33] Herman Dooyeweerd:1964 Talk and Discussion. The Talk has been published in&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Philosophia Reformata&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;72 (2007) 1-19.&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/1964Lecture.html"&gt;A translation of both the Talk and Discussion&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;is online at [http://www.members.shaw.ca/hermandooyeweerd/&lt;br /&gt;1964Lecture.html].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm34"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[34] That is how the Vulgate translates Gen. 1:1. “In principio creavit Deus cælum et terram.” This shows that the idea of “principle” has a long history.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm35"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;]35] J.D. Bierens de Haan:&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;De Weg tot Inzicht&lt;/em&gt;, 3rd ed. (Amsterdam: S.L. van Looy, 1920). From discussions in&lt;em&gt;Opbouw&lt;/em&gt;, it is clear that Dooyeweerd had knowledge of his work.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm36"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[36] Baader,&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;Werke&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;8, 37: “wahre Apriori ist nur Prinzip oder anfang der Erkenntnis und noch nicht deren Vollendung.”&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.blogger.com/" name="dm37"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;[37] Even though we are not involved in positivizing the natural laws, these laws are not static, but have a fully dynamic nature. Dooyeweerd rejects any idea of “&lt;em&gt;Vorhandenes&lt;/em&gt;” here. The natural laws are not static. But neither are they formed by human creative activity. See “Critische Vragen,” 112.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Feb 28/08&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Dooyeweerd.html"&gt;http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Dooyeweerd.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;DIVULGAÇÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-4953482853993036341?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/4953482853993036341/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/principles-and-positivization.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/4953482853993036341'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/4953482853993036341'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/principles-and-positivization.html' title='Principles and Positivization: Dooyeweerd and Rational Autonomy - A Response to Michael J. DeMoor - by Dr. J. Glenn Friesen'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-1836700192235193895</id><published>2011-11-23T14:14:00.003-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T14:17:09.093-08:00</updated><title type='text'>BETWEEN NORM AND FACT: THE JURISPRUDENCE OF HERMAN DOOYEWEERD by ALAN CAMERON</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;BETWEEN NORM AND FACT: THE JURISPRUDENCE OF HERMAN DOOYEWEERD  &lt;/strong&gt;by ALAN CAMERON&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="left"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Solicite gratuitamente o respectivo  artigo no e-mail: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #00007f;"&gt;prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;DIVULGAÇÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;strong&gt;  &lt;span style="font-family: Times-Bold; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times-Bold; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-1836700192235193895?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/1836700192235193895/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/between-norm-and-fact-jurisprudence-of.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/1836700192235193895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/1836700192235193895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/between-norm-and-fact-jurisprudence-of.html' title='BETWEEN NORM AND FACT: THE JURISPRUDENCE OF HERMAN DOOYEWEERD by ALAN CAMERON'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-6447184656066221809</id><published>2011-11-23T13:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T13:55:00.510-08:00</updated><title type='text'>DOOYEWEERD ON LAW AND MORALITY: LEGAL ETHICS – A TEST CASE by Alan Cameron</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times-Bold; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times-Bold; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;DOOYEWEERD ON LAW AND MORALITY: LEGAL ETHICS – A TEST CASE by Alan Cameron&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Solicite gratuitamente o  respectivo artigo no e-mail: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #00007f;"&gt;prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;DIVULGAÇÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-6447184656066221809?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/6447184656066221809/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/dooyeweerd-on-law-and-morality-legal.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6447184656066221809'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6447184656066221809'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/dooyeweerd-on-law-and-morality-legal.html' title='DOOYEWEERD ON LAW AND MORALITY: LEGAL ETHICS – A TEST CASE by Alan Cameron'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-7956267083287571305</id><published>2011-11-23T13:44:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T13:44:14.746-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A Reformational Perspective on Law and Justice by Alan Cameron</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="left"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Reformational Perspective  on Law and Justice by &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alan Cameron&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Solicite gratuitamente o respectivo  artigo no e-mail: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;DIVULGAÇÃO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: red; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;"&gt;&lt;b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Calibri;"&gt;http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-7956267083287571305?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/7956267083287571305/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/reformational-perspective-on-law-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7956267083287571305'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7956267083287571305'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/reformational-perspective-on-law-and.html' title='A Reformational Perspective on Law and Justice by Alan Cameron'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-7024165280691303849</id><published>2011-11-23T13:22:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T13:22:06.938-08:00</updated><title type='text'>IMPLICATIONS OF DOOYEWEERD'S LEGAL PHILOSOPHY FOR POLITICAL THEORY</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;IMPLICATIONS OF DOOYEWEERD'S LEGAL PHILOSOPHY FOR POLITICAL THEORY&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://direitoreformacional.blogspot.com/2011/11/implications-of-dooyeweerds-legal.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;http://direitoreformacional.blogspot.com/2011/11/implications-of-dooyeweerds-legal.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-7024165280691303849?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/7024165280691303849/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/implications-of-dooyeweerds-legal.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7024165280691303849'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7024165280691303849'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/implications-of-dooyeweerds-legal.html' title='IMPLICATIONS OF DOOYEWEERD&apos;S LEGAL PHILOSOPHY FOR POLITICAL THEORY'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-4392293342815896352</id><published>2011-11-23T08:16:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T08:16:35.163-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A Transcendental Analysis and Critique of Dooyeweerd’s Distinction between Naïve and Theoretical Thought by Tim Black</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;A Transcendental Analysis and Critique of  Dooyeweerd’s Distinction between Naïve and Theoretical Thought&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Term Paper&lt;br /&gt;for&lt;br /&gt;AP 213: Principles of  Christian Apologetics&lt;br /&gt;Dr. K. Scott Oliphint&lt;br /&gt;Spring 2001&lt;br /&gt;Submitted  by&lt;br /&gt;Tim Black&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In what follows I will analyze and critique Dooyeweerd’s distinction between  naïve and theoretical thought, showing how its internal dialectical tension and  its antitheistic motivation make it an impossibility, and argue that only the  biblical revelation in the two modes of word and deed, rooted in the relation of  the universals and particulars in the Godhead, escapes this self-destructive  dialectic and is itself the only possible epistemological schema a philosophy  may consistently maintain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Introductory Caveats Regarding My Ignorance, Comments on Method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I am not an expert in the system. I am sure I am misinterpreting Dooyeweerd  at some points, and even imagining some connections which are not properly  supported in the literature. It is nearly impossible not to do so when studying  any person’s thought, especially with someone as ingenious, complex, and erudite  as Dooyeweerd. But what I do think I understand of his system I have attempted  to deal with from the perspective of a Christian seeking to defend the faith,  and seeking to convince my opponent of the truth of the biblical position. I am  attempting to show that the truth of scripture is self-attesting on precisely  the points at which Dooyeweerd’s system appears to be suppressing that truth,  and that Dooyeweerd’s suppression of that truth is in the end—on its own terms  and on the terms which scripture presents—an impossible position to maintain. I  do this with specific regard to Dooyeweerd’s treatment of universality and  particularity in epistemology with regard to the function of his theoretical  categories over against the function of the revealed categories of scripture. As  such I attempt to argue that a biblical dimensionalism is the only tenable  position, and that Dooyeweerd’s position of temporal “dimensions” or categories,  what he terms modalities or aspects, is in the end a speculative philosophy  which has no place in biblical Christianity, is itself motivated against God by  an uncritical acceptance of the tendencies and ideas of modern pagan philosophy,  and is ultimately self-destructive. The pivotal points of my analysis are both  Van Tillian and biblical in content, and the whole methodology which I am  employing here is Van Til’s transcendental method of analysis, critique, and  apologetical argumentation. Thus even if I err in understanding Dooyeweerd, I  hope to maintain a solid ground upon which to stand and from which to sustain a  successful apologetic argument: the self-attesting Christ of scripture.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;My method will not be as analytic in method as some might prefer. If I were  aiming this paper at a readership who was not familiar with Dooyeweerd’s  thought, I would spend more time attempting to define what is meant by the terms  I use. However, as it stands, my professor knows more of Dooyeweerd than I do,  and I will attempt to spend time on definitions when I am speaking of concepts  other than what I perceive to be the standard formulations of Dooyeweerd’s  perspective. So, throughout the paper I assume that I am getting much of the  terminology right, and that the reader knows what the terminology means. I am  basically writing this for someone who is a Dooyeweerdian, to show them how  Dooyeweerd’s own critique of non-Christian thought in fact applies to itself. As  such I am using the terminology as an efficient shorthand for the concepts  involved. I am attempting to deal with the system, and with the people who  already hold to it, and am not attempting to explain the system to those who are  not familiar with it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Necessity of Transcendental Explanation to Theoretical Method&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd maintains that unless a philosophical system accounts for the  necessary and sufficient conditions of its existence as a system, as well as for  the existence of any other system as a system, it cannot deal adequately with  its subject matter, and cannot avoid dialectical self-destruction, because it  has not rooted itself in the transcendental God, Creation-Fall-Redemption  motive, and human ego which alone can provide a unity to systematic thought. To  give an account of the necessary and sufficient conditions for systems of  thought to be systems of thought is what Dooyeweerd means by the process of  transcendental explanation. His &lt;u&gt;New Critique of Theoretical Thought&lt;/u&gt;,  then, attempts to give a transcendental explanation of systems as systems in  such a way that the transcendental reasons for the systematic failure of  philosophies other than his own throughout the history of philosophy are laid  bare. They have rejected their root in the transcendental God, biblical  ground-motive, and human ego, which together are the necessary and sufficient  conditions of systems as systems. As a result they attempt to absolutize one  aspect of reality or another, an attempt which according to Dooyeweerd’s system  is impossible to carry out in a consistent manner. It is Dooyeweerd’s belief  that by means of laying bare the transcendental conditions of all systems of  thought, he will have explained and reached a real point of contact with those  who hold to non-Christian systems of thought. Such a point of contact will then  provide a means of communication with men who believe in any system, and a means  of converting someone from a non-Christian system to the true and Christian  system. In regard to the point of contact here Dooyeweerd is both right and  wrong.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Summary of Some Primary Features of Dooyeweerd’s Transcendental  Explanation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd claims that his description of the supratemporal heart (along with  God and the biblical ground motive, which will not be the focus of our  discussion) as it provides the transcendental unity amongst the diverse modal  aspects of the temporal horizon of human experience is the transcendental, or  necessary and sufficient, condition (or ground and explanation) of all  theoretical thought; it is this explanation and this explained reality which  accounts for the possibility of all human thought and predication, philosophical  or otherwise. The heart as it integrates the modal aspects of creation and of  human experiencing, provides the necessary and sufficient condition for  unreflective “naïve” thought about the world, as well as for theory-making and  “theoretical” thought about the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Central to Dooyeweerd’s explanation of the transcendental conditions of all  human thought are two primary components: on the one hand, his distinction  between naïve and theoretical thought, and on the other hand, his system of  modal aspects. As Dooyeweerd conceives of them, these two components mutually  entail one another. Let us examine what is meant by each of them  respectively.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Naïve / Theoretical Distinction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;For Dooyeweerd, naïve thought is the unreflective recognition within the  totality of human experiencing of the totality of creation, taking in the modal  aspects of reality as an organically-unified whole, without attempting to  analyze this wholeness into its constituent modal aspects. In contrast to naïve  thought, theoretical thought is the reflective opposition of the analytic aspect  of thought to the non-analytic aspect of thought, meaning that it examines the  totality of human experiencing and the totality of that which is experienced and  analyzes that totality into its constituent modal aspects, abstracting those  aspects from the wholeness from which they may be “separated” or distinguished  only in thought. Naïve thought is described by Dooyeweerd as “pre-theoretical”  thought, meaning that it is the thought from which theoretical thought is  derived, the totality from which the aspects of theoretical thought are  abstracted. As such, it is generally true to say that all men by virtue of the  epistemological construction of their heart in relation to the world thereby  think in a naïve manner, but only those men who actively engage in the process  of abstracting the theoretical aspects of thought from the totality of naïve  thinking succeed in thinking theoretically.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;We should note that Dooyeweerd seems to be saying that the theoretical  aspects of thought are the categories men use to categorize reality &lt;i&gt;when they  are thinking in the clearest manner available to mankind.&lt;/i&gt; Theoretical  thought is then &lt;i&gt;careful&lt;/i&gt; thought; it is the epitome of philosophical or  “scientific” thought. This is not to say that Dooyeweerd believes that error is  inherent to naïve thought, or that he wishes to deprecate the value and quality  of naïve thought. Rather, it is to say that in Dooyeweerd’s view, it takes  effort to think theoretically, and that theoretical thought follows the most  basic or most clear structures of thought of which man is capable. We may notice  here that the discovery and elucidation of such clear, careful, and proper  structures of thought has commonly been the ideal in philosophy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The System of Modal Aspects&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd holds that whenever a person thinks, whether it be in a naïve  manner or in a theoretical manner, he recognizes (or ought to recognize) the  meaning-structure of the world around him to be constructed of many “aspects.”  The reason he recognizes the perceived world to be constructed of many aspects  is that the world &lt;i&gt;is&lt;/i&gt; constructed of many aspects. In other words, the  structure of reality is the cause and ground of the structure of the aspects as  they are abstracted in theoretical thought. Dooyeweerd believes the fact that  the structures of our thought are not inherent to the construction of our  epistemology but rather dependent on the construction of the surrounding world  is the reason we are capable of communicating with even the unbeliever, the one  who denies the religious ground-motive of creation-fall-redemption. Even though  the unbeliever interprets the world in relative consistency with his  antitheistic religious ground-motive, he cannot be completely consistent with  that motive due to the inward epistemological pressure exerted upon him by the  structures of created reality. The point of contact between the believer and the  unbeliever, and the ground of “universal” or objective communication, is, then,  the general revelation they share in common.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;This emphasis on the external source of true and common knowledge sets  Dooyeweerd off as truly distinct from Kant in an important way, and makes  Dooyeweerd’s system appear to be advocating a truly revelational epistemology.  Kant held that the structure of our knowledge is defined by the categories of  the understanding—structures of human thought which are essential to thought  itself and which provide the structure for the content derived from sense  impressions generated through empirical observation of the phenomenal world,  which world itself somehow was the effect of and manifestation of the noumenal  “things in themselves.” Dooyeweerd dispenses with Kant’s long chain of  separation between the “things in themselves” and the structures of human  thought, along with the epistemological gulf thereby fixed between the knowing  subject and the (somehow-) known object, and argues that the structures of the  created things in the temporal horizon of human experiencing are more or less  directly accessible to the human mind, and insofar as they impress themselves  upon our thinking they form or generate the analytic, modal, “aspectual”  structures of our thought, especially of our theoretical thought. We could say,  then, that for Kant, the categories or “forms” are imposed by the mind of man  onto the sense-impressions or phenomenal “content” coming in toward the  epistemological subject, and that for Dooyeweerd, the categories of human  thought are recognized as manifest in the phenomena perceived coming in toward  the epistemological subject from within the horizon of temporal experience. The  difference in view here is the &lt;i&gt;source&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;direction &lt;/i&gt;of the  categories relative to the mind of man. For Kant, the source is in the mind of  man, the direction is outward, onto the content. For Dooyeweerd, the source is  in the reality beyond the mind of man, the direction is inward, toward the  epistemological subject. This difference is significant enough for us to  recognize that Dooyeweerd is attempting to escape the dialectical construction  in Kant which places the categories of human understanding in (ultimately utter)  opposition to the content which they serve to categorize. For Kant, the  categories and the content function in opposite directions, and as such are  presupposed to have an initial existence apart from one another and to the  exclusion of one another, which antithesis is then synthesized in the process of  the human mind applying those categories by categorizing the phenomena as the  content of the phenomena comes in through the senses. Further, not only do they  function in opposite &lt;i&gt;directions&lt;/i&gt;, they function with inherently opposite  &lt;i&gt;principles&lt;/i&gt;; the categories are utterly universal in nature, and have no  particularity, the content is utterly particular in nature, and has no  universality. The problem for Kant is that in the end, only the categories can  be known, and not the content, because the two poles of this dialectical  construction are construed from the outset to be mutually exclusive. In regard  to their direction, the mind perceives the content exclusively &lt;i&gt;through&lt;/i&gt;  the categorical forms which it imposes, and interprets the content exclusively  in terms of the forms. In regard to their functional principles, the categorical  forms convert the content into universal knowledge, destroying the particularity  of the content, and thereby emptying the category of content and meaning. Kant  may claim that the content is known through the form, but cannot demonstrate  that if the content were different, or missing, that the form would appear any  different to the epistemological subject. Thus Kant’s attempt at synthesis  fails. Dooyeweerd hopes to resolve this problem by allowing the categories and  content to flow in the same direction as one another.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote1sym" name="sdfootnote1anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; The categories  categorize the content even before the mind of man comes into contact with  either the categories or the content. The categories and content then come into  man’s mind bound together as a unit, a complex, flowing in the same direction  inward toward the epistemological subject. Thus a systasis of meaning obtains  between the knowing subject and the known object in the knowledge situation. But  we may ask, has Dooyeweerd removed the principles of utter universality and  utter particularity from the categories and content of knowledge? Has he removed  the Kantian mutual exclusion between the two principles, leaving them in perfect  harmony with one another? We will attempt to show that he has not shortly. But  let us first summarize more of Dooyeweerd’s position.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Because man has this relatively direct access to the structures of created  reality, and because Dooyeweerd assumes he has properly discovered and explained  the transcendental conditions of theoretical thought, Dooyeweerd takes it upon  himself to build on this transcendental foundation he has laid by attempting to  outline the system of categories of the human understanding which is properly  derived from the structure of created reality. The result would be that he could  develop the perfect philosophical system, based on the perfect (necessary and  sufficient!) transcendental grounds. His goal is to develop the perfect  philosophy. This attempt will, he expects, enable theoretical thinking to be  properly grounded, as well as enable philosophers following in his footsteps to  critique unbelieving philosophies both in regard to the manner in which they  misconstrue the structure of created reality and of human thought, as well as in  regard to the manner in which they misconstrue the transcendental ground of  their theoretical thought.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Thus he lays out a hierarchy of fifteen modal aspects, beginning with the  numerical as the lowest, and the pistic as the highest. He lists them as  follows: numerical, spatial, kinematic, physical, biotic, psychical, analytical,  historical, linguistic, social, economic, aesthetic, juridicial, ethical, and  pistical. This has been termed Dooyeweerd’s “modal scale,” indicating that there  is some principle of hierarchical organization, and connoting the possibility of  a connection to the Medieval scale of being. Judging from the relation to Kant’s  philosophy I implied above, my impression is that while there is a relation to  the Medieval Nature-Grace polarity in Dooyeweerd’s modal scale, there is as much  or more a relation to the modern Nature-Freedom polarity. The lower end of the  scale is relatively characteristic of the typical categories of Kantian science:  physical laws of cause and effect, logical categories, space, time, quantity,  phenomena, the rational and empirical. The higher end is relatively  characteristic of the typical categories of Kantian religion: the personal,  freedom, emotion, ethical, the human, supra-rational belief, the noumena, the  religious.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Comparison of Dooyeweerd with Kantianism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Our analysis has been leading, then, to a comparison between Dooyeweerd and  Kantianism. The guiding focus of all that follows will be a certain  understanding of the concepts of universality and particularity. We will trace  the manner in which Dooyeweerd and Kant deal with universality and particularity  in ways similar to one another. Essentially, I will argue that both construe the  two principles to be in a dialectical relationship with one another, and that  this dialectic is the downfall of both of their systems. This critique has  already been argued in regard to Kant above; Kant need only be brought into the  following in order to show the similarities between his thought and  Dooyeweerd’s. First I should give a brief and inadequate definition of my key  terms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote2sym" name="sdfootnote2anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;By my distinction between universality and particularity I mean to say that  1) it is possible to construe many distinctions between two related entities  such that the one side is viewed in regard to its &lt;i&gt;relative&lt;/i&gt; universality  relative to the &lt;i&gt;relative&lt;/i&gt; particularity of the other entity being  distinguished. The distinction must be understood to be relative because each of  the two entities always has aspects of both universality and particularity  within it. I mean to say as well that 2) the relatively universal entity  considered is, by definition of its universality, relatively &lt;i&gt;primary&lt;/i&gt; in  relation to the relatively particular entity considered, which is itself thereby  relatively &lt;i&gt;secondary.&lt;/i&gt; 3) Lastly, and here we verge on imprecision, that  which is relatively universal can often be described as binding together,  organizing, unifying, encompassing, interpreting, objectifying, forming,  causing, necessitating, etc., that which is relatively particular. That is to  say, there are many kinds of relations which can be construed as relations  between the relatively universal and the relatively particular, some of which  are indicated by that list of verbs. That list contains commonly-found relations  of the sort I have in mind. Common distinctions of this sort are part-whole,  necessity-contingency, one-many, unity-diversity, cause-effect,  subject-object.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The importance of this distinction between universality and particularity is  that there is a certain manner in which universals (= that which is relatively  universal) and particulars (= that which is relatively particular) are related  in the Godhead, and derivatively, in the creation which manifests God even in  regard to the manner in which the universals and particulars are related in Him.  That manner is that the universals and particulars are equally ultimate, with  the universals remaining primary, the particulars remaining secondary. Further,  the universals and particulars in the Godhead are related in perfect harmony,  mutually exhausting one another, mutually coextensive with one another.  Everywhere there is a universal, there is at the same point a correlative  particular; everywhere there is a particular, there is at the same point a  correlative universal. The prime example of this relation in the Godhead is the  Trinity. The Persons are unique, and distinct from one another, and as such are  particulars. They all share precisely the same being, which functions then as a  universal relative to the Persons. The Persons are coextensive with the being,  the being with the Persons. The being and Persons are in perfect harmony; the  one cannot be found without the other. In a sense that transcends our  understanding (Deut. 29:29, Is. 55:8-9), the being is the Persons, and the  Persons are the being. This is why Van Til says of God at one point that “He is  one person.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote3sym" name="sdfootnote3anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; God’s mind can comprehend the inner  connection between His universality and particularity; ours, however, cannot.  Yet we are free to refer to God as one person; in orthodox circles, we do so  every time we use the word “God.” We know that it is true, and can readily  accept it in our worshipful knowledge of God, but we cannot explain it. Such  remains the case with the relation of all universals and particulars, including  those in creation which thereby manifest the infinity and incomprehensibility of  God; all things thereby manifest the fact that He is the Great Creator, and that  we are small and finite creatures. More could be said in regard to the ethics of  the ontological and economic Trinities as well, that the Persons are one in love  and self-denial, and that the Father exercises authority with complete  self-sacrifice, and the Son submits with complete submission.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;It is only when men are not willing to accept this mystery in the depths of  God which transcends human understanding, which mystery is manifest in all of  creation, that they then construe the relation of the universals and particulars  in a dialectical manner, in an attempt to explain the relation between the  universals and particulars which allows their minds to claim an exclusive  ultimacy over the revelation and authority of God. Now what is meant by the term  “dialectic” here? By “dialectic” I mean a structure with two poles, where one  pole is a universal, and the other a particular, and where the universals and  particulars are construed simultaneously to mutually presuppose one another and  to mutually exclude one another.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote4sym" name="sdfootnote4anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; The mutual exclusion guarantees that the  two poles can never coexist peacefully; the one will destroy the other, or there  will be a constant tension and conflict. The mutual presupposition guarantees  that the conflict will never stop. Even if one pole is supposedly “destroyed” or  suppressed by the other, eventually it will rise again. To verge again on  imprecision, universality without particularity appears “safe” from  particularity at first, but then becomes either too empty or too oppressive.  Particularity without universality appears full of content and free from  universality’s oppression at first, but then becomes too unpredictable and  treacherous. Thus the dialectic swings endlessly from an emphasis on one pole to  an emphasis on the other pole, trapping people in its false structure of thought  which denies the God of Scripture and His revelation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;So then, how does this speculative gobbleygook of a freshman M.Div. student  relate to Dooyeweerd, and perhaps more importantly, how does Kant relate to  Dooyeweerd? J In the following manner: Kant’s  categories of the understanding supposedly organize the content provided by  sense impressions. Thereby the categories are universal and primary relative to  the content, and the content is particular and secondary relative to the  categories. The categories are not categories of anything unless they are  &lt;i&gt;of&lt;/i&gt; the content, the content is not content of any intelligible kind  unless it is organized by a category. Thus the categories and content mutually  presuppose one another. It would appear that they are in harmony with one  another, and are equally ultimate, and Kant strives to make them so, but he is  not successful. No, as described above, the categories can only be understood  categorically, the content only by the categories, thus the content cannot truly  be known. The categories as mediators end up devouring the content they are  supposed to mediate, leaving behind no traces of the particularity of the  content. The result in Kant’s system is that the realm of the phenomenal is not  really known, but more importantly, the noumena of which the phenomena are  supposed to be a manifestation themselves cannot be known, and Kant places God,  the human ego, and things-in-themselves within the realm of the noumenal. Thus  nothing really can be known, most of all, the things central to biblical  religion, and God Himself, cannot be known to the human mind; they are excluded  by the categories of the understanding.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd appears to be borrowing some of this same construction. He says  that naïve thought perceives all of the modal aspects as a unified totality, and  theoretical thought perceives all of reality in exclusive regard to the  distinctness of the modal aspects from one another. It is for this reason that  Oliphint emphasizes that for Dooyeweerd, the emphasis of naïve thought is on  unity, and the emphasis of theoretical thought is on diversity. Oliphint’s  analysis appears to me to be correct, and would lead one to think that naïve  thought is relatively universal, theoretical particular. I am happy to grant  this analysis. However, I find it of great concern that Dooyeweerd’s system is  of such close similarity to Kant along lines different from Oliphint’s analysis.  Specifically, we see that theoretical thought seeks to organize the content of  knowledge according to a system of categories. Oliphint is not totally opposed  to this alternate analysis, because he says, “The human mind, therefore, in  theoretical thought, is &lt;u&gt;reduced&lt;/u&gt; to the logical aspect of thought.” (&lt;u&gt;A  Comparison and Evaluation&lt;/u&gt;, 127) (Admittedly Dooyeweerd’s categories do not  originate from the mind of man, so there is a distinction to be made between  Dooyeweerd and Kant.) Correlatively, naïve “pre-theoretical” experience seeks to  perceive reality apart from the organization given to it by the system of  categories, the modal aspects. Dooyeweerd states this on p. 14 of his &lt;u&gt;In the  Twilight of Western Thought&lt;/u&gt;: “Our pre-theoretical logical concepts are only  related to things and events as individual wholes, and not to the abstract modal  aspects of their empirical reality.” Thus we see that theoretical thought is  characterized by structured, logical, categorical organization of  epistemological content, while naïve thought is characterized by holistic,  non-structured, non-logical, epistemological content apart from “related”-ness  to categorical organization. Thus we may summarize by saying that theoretical  thought in an important sense is characterized by universality, naïve thought by  particularity. They are often construed in Dooyeweerd to be in harmony with each  other: the pre-theoretical is the necessary foundation for the theoretical; the  naïve perceives the aspects but does not analyze them; the theoretical seeks the  “inner connection” between the modalities and between the modalities and the  supratemporal. It can also be said that they mutually presuppose one another, in  that the naïve perceives but does not abstract what the theoretical can only  abstract from naïve experience. &lt;i&gt;But it can also be said that they mutually  exclude each other, and this is the all-important point.&lt;/i&gt; Men can think  naively without thinking theoretically. The particular can be had, then, without  the universal. Naïve thought cannot perceive the analytic aspect of theoretical  thought, the diversity of and distinction between—&lt;i&gt;the categorical nature  of&lt;/i&gt;—the modal aspects. That is to say, the particularity of the content of  naïve thought excludes the formal nature, the universality, of theoretical  thought. Further, theoretical thought cannot perceive the unity of naïve  thought, nor can it perceive the unity provided by the transcendental conditions  of theoretical thought; the unity of God, the supratemporal heart, or the  biblical ground-motive. It can categorize none of those bits of content. Thus  there is no true “meeting of the minds” between man’s theoretical thought and  man’s naïve thought, nor can there be. The universality of the theoretical  excludes the particularity of the naïve. They are in utter conflict; they are  not in harmony. There is, then, a dialectic in Dooyeweerd’s distinction between  naïve and theoretical thought. If such a dialectic-ravaged philosophical system  stands as the judge over theology, it will make mincemeat of the Triune God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;And such is the case. When God is considered, He is supratemporal, meaning  beyond the system of categorization provided by the modal aspects, which provide  the careful or most clear method of thoughtful analysis man has available within  his epistemological grasp. In the most important of senses, then, man cannot  know God. Dooyeweerd says as much in &lt;u&gt;Twilight&lt;/u&gt;, p. 6: “theoretical thought  is bound to the temporal horizon of human experience and moves within this  horizon,” and in “Cornelius Van Til,” p. 87: “the genuine &lt;i&gt;conceptual  &lt;/i&gt;contents of these transcendental limiting ideas do not transcend the modal  dimension of our temporal horizon of experience. The same applies to the  theological limiting concepts relating to the so-called attributes of God.”  Similarly, Dooyeweerd places the central message of Scripture beyond the grasp  of man’s careful thought. Frame says on pp. 375-376 of his &lt;u&gt;Cornelius Van Til:  An Analysis of His Thought&lt;/u&gt;, “Dooyeweerd sees the ‘central message’ of  Scripture as having no ‘conceptual’ content,” and on p. 385, “Dooyeweerd admits  that there are ‘genuine &lt;i&gt;conceptual&lt;/i&gt; contents’ of God and the human ego,  but he insists that these conceptual contents ‘do not transcend the modal  dimension of our temporal horizon of experience.’” “What Dooyeweerd seems to be  saying is that if anything in Scripture is ‘conceptual,’ then it describes only  the world, not God.” That is to say, the content of scripture does not fit  within the categories of theoretical “concepts,” and the categories of scripture  have no intersection with the categories of theoretical reason. Scripture speaks  of the transcendental, supratemporal realities, and theoretical reason conceives  only of temporal realities. Naïve reason can fare no better for reading  scripture, for it cannot bring together the aspects of theoretical thought with  the categories and contents of scripture, nor can it have an analytic aspect, so  that if there are categories in scripture, they are lost to its grasp. And with  no categories from scripture, the content of scripture is lost as well. Frame  comments on p. 17 of his &lt;u&gt;The Amsterdam Philosophy&lt;/u&gt; (which he warns later  was a bit immature in its criticisms) that Dooyeweerd’s philosophy is a  “quasi-Kantian formulation,” and opines on pp. 33 and 37 that Dooyeweerd’s view  of the Word of God is similar to the views of neo-orthodoxy and New Hermeneutic,  which draw on Kant’s form-content and Nature-Freedom dialectics in much the same  way as I have here described Dooyeweerd’s similarity to these dialectics.  Dooyeweerd’s dialectical construction between the naïve and theoretical has made  the theoretical exclude the knowledge of God and His revelation, because the  universality of the theoretical aspects is defined in exclusion of the  particularity of the content of knowledge. The categories of the human  understanding have risen up to engulf the freedom of the noumenal realm. Neither  God nor the supratemporal self can be known, nor, it appears, can the message of  scripture. Frame concludes on p. 39 that “We believe that the approach of some  Amsterdam philosophers to Scriptural authority which we have discussed above in  fact eliminates that authority in the historic sense and elevates human reason  as the ultimate rule for Christian faith and life.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Failure of Dooyeweerd’s Transcendental Philosophy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;It appears, then, that Dooyeweerd has not given an explanation of the  transcendental conditions of theoretical thought, nor has he done so for naïve  thought. If he truly does know what naïve and theoretical thought are, he cannot  bridge the chasm between the two, and cannot relate either of them to God, the  self, or to God’s self-revelation. He cannot know God by means of his  philosophy. On his own terms, if he cannot know God as the transcendental  explanation for his theoretical thought, he has not justified his system, and  can no longer believe in his system. His system is an impossibility, precisely  because of its rejection of God.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;But how, you ask, does his system reject God? It is not merely the &lt;i&gt;result  &lt;/i&gt;of his system that he cannot know God or His revelation. No, rather, it is  the first presupposition of his naïve/theoretical distinction and his system of  modal aspects as categories of human thought, and it is the heart-motivation  within that presupposition which is to blame. At the outset Dooyeweerd was  borrowing the Nature-Freedom dialectic of modern thought which ironically he so  brilliantly clarified and critiqued for us all to see. The modal aspects are the  structure of nature; they are universalistic in character, the transcendetal and  supratemporal are free from the structure of nature; they are particularistic in  character. This dialectic presupposes that the universals and particulars are  inherently opposed to one another; that they are mutually exclusive of one  another. As a result when defined as such from the outset, in the end they can  never be thought together, try as man might, nor can they be brought together in  the playing field of human ethical activity. But this dialectical construction  is motivated against God; this we must note above all that has been discussed  above. God reveals the mystery of His universality and particularity by the  relation of the universals and particulars in creation. The only reason man  denies the harmonious equal ultimacy and primary-secondary relation of the  universals in creation is that at some level in the sin of his heart he hates  the glory of God in its revelation through creation. Thus he rebels against God  and His revelation, and suppresses the truth in unrighteousness. He considers  his own ability to understand and to explain to be the standard, and thereby  excludes God’s revelation from its rightful place of authority over his thought.  The only way out of this regrettable situation is for man to repent of his  rebellion, believe the promise of salvation through Christ—even epistemological  renewal—and submit to God according to His word.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;This is the transcendental point of contact for which Dooyeweerd sought: the  gospel call to repent and believe. The point of contact is the point of  rebellion and conversion. This is where the truth of God meets us, where  scripture addresses us, where the unbeliever hears the gospel and is transformed  by the renewing of his mind, receiving the mind of Christ, and is converted from  the philosophy of the deceitful traditions of men to the philosophy which is  according to Christ. We must then build the church in our teaching activity with  the “gold, silver, and precious stones” which are the excellent materials of  truth which God provides by revelation through His covenantal words and deeds,  and not the “wood, hay, and straw” which our sinful minds construct, which is  destructive and self-destructive, and which in the end will be burned.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The Fully Biblical Position&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Does Scripture then present an epistemology which accounts for its own  thinking by reference to the transcendental, necessary and sufficient conditions  of its thought as thought? It does. Scripture states that God’s knowledge is  higher than our knowledge, God’s thoughts are higher than our thoughts. Only as  such can they be the necessary and sufficient conditions for our thinking. Of  necessity we cannot explain the relation of the universals and particulars in  our epistemology, but God explains to us that in His own mind their relation is  fully explained. He says this by implication when He says that He knows all  things, and that the Spirit searches all things, even the deep things of God.  Our role then in transcendental argumentation is to let God be God, and to let  man be man in worship before God. The great mystery of His nature drives us not  to reject Him and construct a new god of our own making, but rather it drives us  to worship Him as the Name above all names, the King of kings, and Lord of  lords. All is derivative from Him; this is His explanation to us of the  necessary and sufficient conditions for human thought and predication. Thus our  epistemology must follow the structure of His revelation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;What is that structure? God reveals His knowledge to us in two modes: by  means of His word(s) and by means of His deed(s).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote5sym" name="sdfootnote5anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; God’s words are  verbal, linguistic. God’s deeds are His works of creation, providence, and  redemption. Word-revelation interprets the content of deed-revelation; thus  word-revelation is relatively universal, deed-revelation relatively particular.  Word and deed are never separate from one another in God’s revelation, because  epistemological content and interpretation are never separate from one another  in God’s mind. He knows (interpretation) all things (content). The word is  primary relative to the deed. It is the word that interprets the deed, not the  deed that interprets the word. This is the burden of the second Commandment:  worship God in accord with what He SAYS, for the word must interpret the deed,  and the deed may not be used to generate an interpretation of the word. They are  equally ultimate. The word has no referent without the deed; the deed has no  message without the word. They are in perfect harmony. The word says what the  deed manifests, the deed manifests what the word says. Thus there is no  dialectical relation between the central universals and particulars in the  biblical epistemology, because there is no dialectical relation among the  universals and particulars of God’s epistemology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;In view of man’s finite epistemology, as well as man’s sinfulness, we can  recognize that God alone is capable of determining the deepest issue of whether  or not the relation between the universals and particulars in the  epistemological arena are in fact harmoniously connected. We humans can  recognize the lack of tension and the true harmony that obtains, but we cannot  explain the means of that harmony; the “inner connection” by which that harmony  is sustained. Thus we must conclude that only if God fits together the  universals and particulars in His deeds, the universals and particulars in His  words, and then His words and His deeds, can they truly obtain in a manner that  is not deemed impossible by the self-destructive dialectic. Further, it is only  if God reveals this epistemological complex of properly fitted-together  universals and particulars, and only if He works the submissive and believing  reception of that epistemological complex in our hearts that we can ever have a  knowledge of the universals and particulars of divine and created reality. As a  result we see that only the word-deed revelation of God can inform our  epistemology; it is the only (general) means of proper knowledge-acquisition;  only those subordinate means subsumed within it can give us true knowledge. The  further implication is that only those concepts and categories which are given  in God’s word-deed revelation can form the proper categories of our thought,  whatever other sub-divisions we may find necessary to distinguish the different  modes of human thought. So, then, the dimensions of God’s actions are the  dimensions of God’s words, and vice versa. Van Til’s ideal of a “Biblical  Dimensionalism” is then the only epistemology; even the only philosophical  system, which is tenable.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote6sym" name="sdfootnote6anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; Categories which are not taken captive to  the categories of scripture are not philosophy according to Christ; rather, they  are the “basic principles of this world,” the vain imaginations of men, the  “profane and idle babblings and contradictions that are falsely called  knowledge; by professing it some have strayed concerning the faith.” We must  guard what has been committed to our trust; it is the word of life, which is  able to make us wise for salvation through faith which is in Jesus Christ. All  of Scripture is profitable for teaching, reproof, correction, and training in  righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for  every good work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;The history of unbelieving philosophy, including the history of unbelieving  epistemology, has been victimized by the dialectic set up by men’s philosophical  rebellion against God. Dooyeweerd has done a great service to us all by showing  us the manner in which this is true. He has done us a disservice by failing to  remove from his own philosophy the traces of unbelief. The remedy for his  philosophy, and for ours, is the gospel of Christ, in whom are hidden all the  treasures of wisdom and knowledge. As my dear professor Henry Krabbendam is fond  of saying, the heart of the problem is the problem of the heart.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnoteanc" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote7sym" name="sdfootnote7anc"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;  Will Dooyeweerd submit to the teaching of God in scripture, or will he rebel  against God and His teaching? He has passed on—we trust into glory rather than  perdition—which leaves us to consider our own philosophy, and in particular the  followers of Dooyeweerd’s. What is to be done with their errors and ours?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;All men stand at the foot of the Cross, condemned for their sinful rebellion  against God, epistemological and otherwise. The point of contact which scripture  offers to Christians is touched on by the call to repent from sin and self and  believe the gospel of Christ, that He died and rose for our salvation. It is the  point of rebellion, the point of conversion, the point of salvation. And so we  command all men everywhere to repent. The reason that some men continue to  suppress the truth of the Christian system when they hear that command to repent  and believe is that they continue their rebellion against God; the reason others  believe the truth of the Christian system is that God gives them new, believing  hearts in regeneration and they submit to God by believing His promises in faith  and obeying His commands in repentance. So the only hope for our epistemology  and for any Dooyeweerdian's is in Christ and His salvation, as He has revealed  it to us in scripture. We, and the Dooyeweerdians, must take every thought  captive to the obedience of Christ, letting the word of God dwell richly in even  our theoretical thought, considering the teaching of scripture to be essential  equipment for our epistemology and for us as God's philosophers, so that we may  be equipped for every good work which God has prepared beforehand for us to do.  This is the task of the Christian philosopher, and this is his method. So then  let us flee to Christ and His word with all our mind as well as with all our  heart!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;B I B L I O G R A P H Y&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Choi,  Yong_Joon. Dialogue and Antithesis: A Philosophical Study on the Significance of  Herman Dooyeweerd’s Transcendental Critique. (Thesis, Potchefstrooms  Universiteit vir Christelike Hoer Onderwys, 2000).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Clouser,  Roy A. The Myth of Religious Neutrality: An Essay on the Hidden Role of  Religious Belief in Theories. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,  1991).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd,  Herman. A New Critique of Theoretical Thought. Trans. David Hugh Freeman and  William Young. (Philadelphia: The Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company,  1953).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd,  Herman. In The Twilight of Western Thought. (Nutley, NJ: The Craig Press, 1968).  I have read this in full.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Douma,  Jochem. Another Look at Dooyeweerd: Some Critical Notes Regarding the Philosophy  of the Cosmonomic Idea. (Winnipeg, Manitoba: Premier Publishing, n.d.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Frame,  John. Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought. (Phillipsburg, NJ:  Presbyterian and Reformed, 1995).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Frame,  John M., and Leonard J. Coppes. The Amsterdam Philosophy: A Preliminary  Critique. (Phillipsburg, NJ: Harmony Press, n.d.).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Jerusalem  and Athens: Critical Discussions on the Philosophy and Apologetics of Cornelius  Van Til. Ed. E. R. Geehan. (Nutley, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing  Company, 1971). I have read the chapter by Dooyeweerd and Van Til’s response, as  well as other chapters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Knudsen,  Robert D. Reflections on the Philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd. (Paper,  1968/9?).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Morey,  Robert A. The Dooyeweerdian Concept of the Word of God. (Phillipsburg, NJ:  Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 1974).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Nash,  Ronald H. Dooyeweerd and the Amsterdam Philosophy. (Grand Rapids, Michigan:  Zondervan Publishing House, 1962).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Oliphint,  K. Scott. A Comparison and Evaluation of the Transcendental Methods of Cornelius  Van Til and Herman Dooyeweerd. (Thesis, Glenside, PA: Westmister Theological  Seminary, 1984). I did not read chapters 3 or 5 of this thesis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Oliphint,  K. Scott. “Jerusalem and Athens Revisited.” Westminster Theological Journal 49  (1987) 65-90.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Poythress,  Vern S. Philosophy, Science, and the Sovereignty of God. (Phillipsburg, NJ:  Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1976).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Van Til,  Cornelius. Christianity in Conflict. (Unpublished syllabus). The version I  examined was on the Van Til CD, which is referred to as follows: Van Til,  Cornelius, &lt;i&gt;The Works of Cornelius Van Til&lt;/i&gt;, (New York: Labels Army Co.,  1997).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Van Til,  Cornelius. In Defense of the Faith: Volume V: An Introduction to Systematic  Theology. (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co.,  1978).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Van Til,  Cornelius. Herman Dooyeweerd and Reformed Apologetics. (Philadelphia:  Westminster Theological Seminary mimeo, 1974) Syllabus, 140 pp. The version I  examined was on the Van Til CD, which is referred to as follows: Van Til,  Cornelius, &lt;i&gt;The Works of Cornelius Van Til&lt;/i&gt;, (New York: Labels Army Co.,  1997). I only read parts of this, but this is Van Til's last major response to  Dooyeweerd's thought, and is more extensive than any of his prior treatments of  Dooyeweerd's thought. My paper is in its essential points the same as Van Til's  in this document, though I attempt greater clarity through the use of the  universality-particularity terminology borrowed from Krabbendam, and through  focusing the issue on the Nature-Freedom dialectic, and on the centrality of the  word- and deed-modes in human epistemology.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Walsh, Brian, and Jon  Chaplin. Dooyeweerd’s Contribution to a Christian Philosophical Paradigm.  (Toronto, Ontario: AACS Academic Papers, 1982).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote1"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote1anc" name="sdfootnote1sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;This is Oliphint’s point (&lt;u&gt;A Comparison and  Evaluation&lt;/u&gt;, 32) when he summarizes Dooyeweerd (in &lt;u&gt;New Critique&lt;/u&gt;,  I:161-162, which Oliphint references here), saying, “It is not the case that  when we say, ‘The rose is red’, we are making mere subjective judgments. The  redness of the rose, as we saw in our explanation of the first transcendental  question, is a quality inherent within the rose itself and thus possesses  universal validity. Kant’s mistake was to ascribe secondary importance to the  so-called sensory qualities and thus to relativize them.” Confer on this point  with Oliphint, &lt;u&gt;A Comparison and Evaluation&lt;/u&gt;, 30, 29-33, and  24-26.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote2"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote2anc" name="sdfootnote2sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;These key terms are borrowed from Henry Krabbendam, and  are so far as I can tell derived from the substance of Van Til’s thought, with  an important dependence in Van Til on Dooyeweerd’s analysis of the history of  philosophy, the Idealists’ use of the terms, and the expressions of the  existentialists and neo-orthodox theologians.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote3"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote3anc" name="sdfootnote3sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Van Til, Cornelius, &lt;u&gt;In Defense of the Faith: Volume  V: An Introduction to Systematic Theology&lt;/u&gt;. (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian  and Reformed Publishing Co., 1978) 229, cf. 230, 220.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote4"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote4anc" name="sdfootnote4sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;This, especially, is Krabbendam’s terminology and  concept.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote5"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote5anc" name="sdfootnote5sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I see that Oliphint uses this terminology of verbal and  non-verbal “modes” as well; I am not getting the terminology from Oliphint, but  am very happy to see him using it. My terminology of “modes” is what I see as a  clarification of the concepts found in Van Til and Krabbendam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote6"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote6anc" name="sdfootnote6sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;While I have not studied it in depth, Vern Poythress’  &lt;u&gt;Philosophy, Science, and the Sovereignty of God&lt;/u&gt; appears to be a valiant  attempt to do just this—to develop philosophical categories according to the  categories presented in scripture. I might mention my own work on the full-orbed  definition of the covenant (which underlies the thesis of this paper) as another  similar attempt, though only in its seminal stages at this point. It outlines  the covenant as follows: Metaphysical Construction: Two Components: Commitment  (Promise) and Requirement (Law); Epistemological Expression: Two Modes: Word and  Deed; Ethical Activity: Two Dynamics: God’s Sovereign Administration and Man’s  Responsible Reception. In each case, the first of the two paired items is the  universal, the second the particular. There are very interesting parallels  between this definition and the structure of the first three commandments: Honor  God in accord with who He IS, Honor God in accord with what He SAYS, Honor God  in accord with what He DOES. This last summary of the commandments is taken from  Krabbendam, &lt;u&gt;Christian Ethics&lt;/u&gt;, privately published syllabus. The first  three commandments then instruct us to keep the universal elements in the  covenant primary, and the particular elements secondary, relative to one  another. I first presented this structure in my &lt;u&gt;The Biblical Hermeneutics of  Geerhardus Vos: An Analysis, Critique, and Reconstruction&lt;/u&gt;, as an improvement  to Vos's hermeneutical view of the nature of scripture, solving some of the  problems in both the systematic and historical aspects of his hermeneutics. I  have argued in a paper titled &lt;u&gt;The Glory of God in the Covenant&lt;/u&gt; that this  structure of the covenant is the structure of the doctrine of the glory of God  in scripture, and as such comprehends the whole of theology and biblical  religion, and as such is further the sum and substance of Christian philosophy;  this last point is manifest in that this structure of the covenant highlights  the points described in the biblical perspective to be the central issues in the  three main areas of philosophy, metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. In an  upcoming exegetical/redemptive-historical paper on the teaching of the first 4  commandments, I will show how this structure of the covenant underlies and is  taught in commandments 1-3 (and is summed up in # 4), and that the commandments  promulgated in the Old Covenant thus required what only would be provided in the  New Covenant's central blessings of regeneration (our metaphysics in accord with  God's), justification (our epistemology in accord with God's), and  sanctification (our ethics in accord with God's).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div id="sdfootnote7"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="sdfootnote"&gt;&lt;a class="sdfootnotesym" href="http://www.alwaysreformed.com/publicdocs/studies_in_theology/principles_of_apologetics_paper.html#sdfootnote7anc" name="sdfootnote7sym"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;I suppose in this context it may be wise to qualify  what Krabbendam means by the heart, to relate him properly to Dooyeweerd on the  point. Krabbendam does not believe the heart is supratemporal. He describes it,  on the basis of exegesis, as the spiritual core of man, which is the seat of  man’s thinking, willing, and feeling, which function in two dimensions: the  moral and social, and which flow out into two kinds of activities: speaking and  acting. The heart for Krabbendam then is more than just the seat of motivations,  more than just the seat of faith, and as such both participates in the  intelligible aspects of creation and thinks in terms of them.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-4392293342815896352?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/4392293342815896352/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/transcendental-analysis-and-critique-of.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/4392293342815896352'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/4392293342815896352'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/transcendental-analysis-and-critique-of.html' title='A Transcendental Analysis and Critique of Dooyeweerd’s Distinction between Naïve and Theoretical Thought by Tim Black'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-1723746141828219405</id><published>2011-11-23T08:13:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T08:13:07.453-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Dooyeweerd’s Societal Sphere Sovereignty: neither tax-based nor laissez-faire by Gregory Baus</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Dooyeweerd’s Societal Sphere Sovereignty: neither tax-based nor &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;laissez-faire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Courier;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;by Gregory Baus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Courier;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Courier;"&gt;&lt;div align="LEFT"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt;Masters of Christian Studies in Science and Society&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; Faculty of Philosophy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; Political and Social Philosophy II&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; Dr. Sander Griffioen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"&gt; February 2006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://www.freewebs.com/reformational/H.D.Dooyeweerd.SphereSov.PDF"&gt;http://www.freewebs.com/reformational/H.D.Dooyeweerd.SphereSov.PDF&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;Divulgação: &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-1723746141828219405?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/1723746141828219405/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/dooyeweerds-societal-sphere-sovereignty.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/1723746141828219405'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/1723746141828219405'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/dooyeweerds-societal-sphere-sovereignty.html' title='Dooyeweerd’s Societal Sphere Sovereignty: neither tax-based nor laissez-faire by Gregory Baus'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-4495002577068976221</id><published>2011-11-23T08:05:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-11-23T08:05:52.054-08:00</updated><title type='text'>The Idea of Christian Scientific Endeavor in the Thought of Herman Dooyeweerd by ROBERT D. KNUDSEN, ThM</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;Science in Christian  Perspective&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 align="center"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color: green; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-large;"&gt;The Idea of  Christian Scientific Endeavor in&lt;br /&gt;the Thought of Herman  Dooyeweerd*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ROBERT D. KNUDSEN, ThM. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;From: &lt;i&gt;JASA &lt;/i&gt;6 (June  19&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;4): 8-12. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: green; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-large;"&gt;J&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;ust 27 years ago, in the year 1926, Dr. Dooyeweerd assumed  his professorship at the Free University of Amsterdam. He had already had  experience as a successful lawyer, and in seeking the theoretical foundations of  his own f ield, he was driven to broader ontological and epistemological  questions. The result was his effort to develop a distinctively Christian  philosophy, which has come to be known as the Philosophy of the Idea of Law.  This system is deep and thoroughgoing and it demands the attention of the  Christian philosopher. It is of significance for the Christian working in the  special sciences as well as to the Christian philosopher especially since it was  conceived while Dooyeweerd was grappling with the problems of jurisprudence and  since it has always sought fruitful contact with the special sciences, &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Other thinkers  are associated with this movement, men of no mean philosophical ability;  however, I have chosen to limit myself to the philosophy of Dooyeweerd himself  because of limitations of time and also because I believe his thought is  especially significant for us in America as we try to develop a Christian  approach to scientific endeavor. I shall then outline Dooyeweerd's position as  it bears on the problem of Christian scientific thought. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;In everyday life,  Dooyeweerd says, we have a living contact with concrete reality in its  manysidedness. The world with all its aspects is experienced in its wholeness  and undividedness. The various sides of reality are not articulated. This  attitude of naive experience is not a theory about reality, a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;naive &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;realist theory of knowledge. We only develop theories  when we assume the theoretical attitude. This attitude is quite different from  that of naive experience. In it we create a distance between logical thought and  one of the aspects of reality. In theoretical thought these aspects, which are  unarticulated in everyday experience, are abstracted from the unity of cosmic  time and are set over against each other as the fields of investigation for the  special sciences, such as biology, physics, and psychology. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;That there are  various aspects of experience may become clear if we use an illustration. Let us  suppose a fruitgrower has a shipment of apricots which he wishes to sell to a  cannery. He meets with the cannery agent to talk business. This agent has $1000  in bills, which he will use to pay for the shipment. These bills  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;*Paper presented at the Eighth Annual  Convention of the American Scientific Affiliation, Winona Lake, Indiana,  September&lt;br /&gt;1-3, 1953.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;are physical things, which have various symbols printed on  them. Now the fact that the cannery agent has bills with the face value of $1000  does not determine the economic worth of these bills. He plans on paying this  sum, &lt;b&gt;while &lt;/b&gt;several years before the shipment might have been worth only  $500. The apricots are of the same quality and quantity, but inflation and  devaluation have decreased the buying power of the dollar. But we are not  finished. The apricots themselves are not simply valued at an absolute figure.  The cannery can take perhaps only a portion of the grower's apricots because its  market is not large enough to handle all the fruit produced in this good season.  If no market for the other apricots can be found they are economically  worthless, and they will be allowed to rot on the trees and fall off. The  location of the apricots is also of significance. If the orchard is far removed  from the cannery and the consumer the apricots will be less valuable than those  of a grower who is more conveniently located. Without going into a full analysis  of the problem we see at least that &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;econoinic value &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;is something different from the face value of money and the  apricots as physical objects. In order to see the real value one must look  beyond the things that are the most obvious, the physical apricots and the  dollar bills. When our seller and buyer have agreed on a price and have signed a  legal document many factors have come into play. What we wish to note is that in  this short sketch we have already distinguished a physical, an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;economical, a &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;spatial, and a legal aspect of reality.  Dooyeweerd now differentiates fifteen aspects of the Cosmos: the mathematical,  the spatial, the physical, physical effect, the biological, the psychological,  the logical, the historical, the linguistic, the social, the economic, the  aesthetic, the legal, the moral, and the pistic. In every concrete act all these  aspects are included in some way or other,&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; though in naive  experience they are not theoretically distinguished. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;In theoretical  thought these aspects are articulated, abstracted from the unity of cosmic time,  and they become the fields of investigation for the special sciences. In the  theoretical attitude, therefore, there is an abstraction from full, concrete  reality. Theoretical thought is characterized by ". . . an &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;antithetical relation  &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;in which the  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;logical aspect of our  thought is &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;opposed to  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;nonlogical aspects of  reality."&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;In this antithetic relation the non-logical aspect presents a  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;problem,  &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;which  offers&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;1.  Dooyeweerd, Transcendental Problems of Philosophic Thought, p. 30. (Hereafter  designated, TPPT.) 2. TPPT, p. 29. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;resistance to  solution. The non-logical aspect stands over against thought and offers  resistance to it as its &lt;i&gt;Gegenstand. &lt;/i&gt;In this relation the theoretical  problems are first raised, which are met in the special sciences.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Philosophy is also  theoretical in character. It is broader than the special sciences, however, and  lies at their foundation. Dooyeweerd defines philosophy as &lt;i&gt;theoretical,  thought directed to the totality of weaning of our cosinos.&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;  &lt;/i&gt;While the special sciences limit their attention to the variable phenomena  within par ticular aspects of reality philosophy investigates the nature of  these aspects in their diversity and mutual relationships.&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; This  unity can be found only by refer ring to the origin of the cosmos. Dooyeweerd  says that the cosmos is &lt;i&gt;ineanbig. By &lt;/i&gt;this he intends to express the  insufficiency of the cosmos with relation to its origin. No aspect of the cosmos  is sufficient to itself. Each part points beyond itself and finally to the  origin. There is an inner restlessness in all being, which&lt;br /&gt;Augustine  expressed in his famous sayin g, Thou hast made us for thyself and our soul is  resless, until it finds&lt;br /&gt;its rest in thee. Philosophy seeks on the theoretical  plane this direction to the origin. It is thouglit &lt;i&gt;out &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;to &lt;/i&gt;the  origin. All philosophic thought is led by a transcendental idea of the origin,  unity, and the relation of the aspects of the cosmos. This idea Dooyeweerd calls  the &lt;i&gt;Wetsidee &lt;/i&gt;(Idea of Law), the term from which his philosophy gets its  name.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Philosophy is not external to the special sciences. It is not  bare speculation apart from sober investigation of the facts. It is not merely a  summa of the results of the special sciences. In order to get a clear idea of  any field of investigation it is necessary to see it in its relationship to the  other sciences. This is not merely a luxury, but is necessary for successful  scientific endeavor. A deep study of any special field must lead to  philosophical questions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;At the core of  Dooyeweerd's Christian philosophy i s his transcendental critique of thought. He  uses the term "transcendental" in the sense Kant used it, to refer to the  direction of thought which seeks the theoretical foundations of its own  possibility. Dooyeweerd claims, however, that he has put the critique of thought  on a broader and deeper basis than did Kant. Though he initiated a critique of  thought Kant was dogmatic and uncritical in his starting point.&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; The  problem of Kant is that of all &lt;i&gt;immanence philosophv, &lt;/i&gt;which seeks to  proclaim the autonomy of theoretical thought as the starting point of  philosophy. It does not allow 'chat thought be influenced by revelation. It sees  no problem in the theoretical attitude itself, but seeks there the starting  point which it assumes is the only guarantee for a truly undogmatic and critical  way of thought.&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; But &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;3. Dooyeweerd, De Wijsbegeerte der wetsidee, 1, 6.&lt;br /&gt;4.  Dooyeweerd, Inleiding encycloPaedie der rechtswetenschap, p. 13. (Hereafter  designated, IERW.) &lt;br /&gt;5. TPPT, p. 20. &lt;br /&gt;6. IMW, p. 15.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Dooyeweerd sees an inner problem in the theoretic attitude  itself. His critique is directed at theoretic though itself, seeking its  presuppositions. &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;There is room for  a true transcendental critique only when ". . . in a &lt;i&gt;radical-critical  &lt;/i&gt;attitude we can fix our &lt;i&gt;theoretical thought itself &lt;/i&gt;on its necessary  &lt;i&gt;presupposita, . . . which &lt;/i&gt;are postulated by this structure."&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;  Presupposita differ from the subjective &lt;i&gt;presuppositions, &lt;/i&gt;which are the  subjective view of the presupposita, and which vary from system to system. The  presupposita are the &lt;i&gt;universal &lt;/i&gt;and &lt;i&gt;necessary &lt;/i&gt;conditions of  theoretical thought as such. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;That there is a  problem hidden in this theoretical attitude is seen, Dooyeweerd says, from the  fact that it has been conceived of in different ways. For instance, in Greek  metaphysics &lt;i&gt;theoria &lt;/i&gt;was presented as the way to the true knowledge of  Divinity in contrast to the popular &lt;i&gt;pistis &lt;/i&gt;(faith) and &lt;i&gt;doxa  &lt;/i&gt;(opinion).&lt;sup&gt;8&lt;/sup&gt; In Thornist thought theoria was conceived as a  natural base for the higher supernatural knowledge of revelation, and &lt;i&gt;pistis  &lt;/i&gt;was conceived as a gift superadded to the natural reason. To say that  theoretical thought is autonomous is to fail to see its problematic character  which makes it unsuited to be the starting point for a critique of  thought.&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;As we saw,  Dooyeweerd claims that the theoretic attitude is characterized by an antithetic  relation between the logical and particular non-logical aspects of reality. We  also saw how the various aspects of reality are linked in the hierarchy of  cosmic time, and that only in the theoretic attitude are they abstracted and  become a &lt;i&gt;Gegenstand. Now &lt;/i&gt;the central question in Dooyeweerd's  investigation of thought is this: From what standpoint is it possible to  apprehend in a synthetic view the various aspects of the cosmos which are  articulated in the theoretic attitude?&lt;sup&gt;10&lt;/sup&gt; In answering this problem  immanence philosophy is inescapably involved in an embarrassment. It takes  theoretical thought as its unproblematic starting point; but by its very nature  theoretical thought is bound to the non-logical aspects of reality. It must  effect a theoretical synthesis; however, there are as many possible theoretical  syntheses as there are aspects of reality. One can have a synthesis of a  biological nature, a psycholoical nature, etc. Because it takes its starting  point in theoretical thought immanence philosophy will be forced to elevate one  aspect of the cosmos, a particular synthetic view, to the absolute &lt;i&gt;arche  &lt;/i&gt;of all the rest. Dooyeweerd sees this embarrassment as the true source of  all the isms in philosophy, which war against each other and which seem  irreconcilable by purely theoretical debate. In the &lt;i&gt;Lebensphilosophie &lt;/i&gt;as  it expresses itself in Bergson in the opposition of the living force &lt;i&gt;(elan  vital) &lt;/i&gt;and the petrification of conceptual thought &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. TPPT, p. 25&lt;br /&gt;8. TPPT, P.  23. &lt;br /&gt;9. TPPT, p. 24. &lt;br /&gt;10. 7?PT, p. 36.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;we. find an absolutization of the biological aspect. In  Leibniz, with his application of the infinitesimal calculus to the realm of  philosophy, we find an absolutization of the mathematical aspect. These &lt;i&gt;isms  &lt;/i&gt;are by no means limited to philosophy; they crop up also in the exact and  empirical sciences. Among the rnathematicians we have the formation of opposing  schools, according to whether the thinkers find the origin of mathematics in  logical thought, sense perception, and intuition of time, or a complex of  linguistic symbols arising from convention." One's position with respect to  these problems determines one's appreciation of whole branches of mathematics.  &lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;The elevation of  one of the aspects to the absolute &lt;i&gt;arche &lt;/i&gt;involves an attempted reduction  of the other aspects to it. This can take place with a show of success because  the aspects are really related to each other. But just because of this  interrelatedness the false absolutization of one evokes the protest of the  others and thought is enmeshed in the theoretical &lt;i&gt;antinomies. &lt;/i&gt;These are a  study in themselves. We can mention, however, the famed antinomies of Zeno.  Dooyeweerd says that these are the result of the attempt to reduce &lt;i&gt;motion,  &lt;/i&gt;which is the central meaning of the physical aspect, to &lt;i&gt;space, &lt;/i&gt;and  that thought of as a series of infinitely small mathematical points. It would be  truly impossible for Zeno's arrow to move if the meaning of motion were to  traverse an infinite number of spaces. However, motion has its own meaning,  which is irreducible to space and number. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Synthesis of the  logical with non-logical aspects of reality is possible because the aspects are  not divorced &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;from each other  but are related in cosmic time. But for the possibility of theoretical thought  we need also a transcendental idea ". . . of the deeper root unity of the  distinguished aspects, an idea which can be gained only when we choose our  standpoint above their theoretical diversity."&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt; "The starting point,  the Archimedean point, that first makes the theoretical synthesis possible, must  lie per se above the theoretically articulated aspects." &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Dooyeweerd says that this standpoint can  be found only in relation to the &lt;i&gt;self. &lt;/i&gt;Self &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;transcendental  critique of thought. It is one of the presupposita, of theoretical thought. Kant  also realized the necessity of this direction to the self, and through it he  tried to find a standpoint above the isms of philosophy. However, he found this  point in what he called the transcendental unity of apperception, the I &lt;i&gt;think  &lt;/i&gt;which accompanies every act of thought but which can never become the  &lt;i&gt;Gegenstand &lt;/i&gt;of any possible experience. But this self is not the concrete  self which thinks, but is merely the subjective pole of the antithetic relation.  If one takes his starting point in the logical there is no way of  bridging&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;11. TPPT, p.  39.&lt;br /&gt;12. TMW, p. 14.&lt;br /&gt;13. IERW, P. 14.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;the gap between the logical  and the non-logical aspect.&lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt; The starting point must be above both  the logical and the non-logical aspect if one is not to be absolutized at the  expense of the other, and the theoretical attitude is not to be  annihilated.&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;The self which  transcends the poles of the antithetic relation is not the I &lt;i&gt;think, &lt;/i&gt;but  the concrete self which acts. Knowledge of this self is necessary for the  transcendental critique. But self knowledge is never possible in a purely  theoretic way.&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; Self knowledge is necessary for theoretical thought,  but it is not gained by theoretical thought itself. This is apparent in that  self knowledge is always correlative to knowledge of God.&lt;sup&gt;17&lt;/sup&gt; By an  inner law of its own nature, which Dooyeweerd calls the "religious concentration  law", self knowledge seeks its divine origin.18 Theoretical thought is not apart  from self knowledge, nor is self knowledge apart from a religious commitment as  to the origin, the unity, and the relationship of the various aspects of  reality. All philosophy is led by such a transcendental idea &lt;i&gt;(Wetsidee)  &lt;/i&gt;which though theoretical in character is religiously conditioned.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;The starting  point of philosophy can not be purely individual. Dooyeweerd finds that the  superindividual starting point is the religious root-community of humankind, in  which the individual has a part, but which is of superindividual character. The  self is not isolated but exists within a community, which is ruled by a motive  force which brings it into being and gives it its form. Dooyeweerd distinguishes  four such communities and motives in our Western world: 1) the motive of form  and matter which dominated Greek thought; 2) the Christian motive of creation,  fall, and redempgrace, which found its high point in the thought of Thomas  Aquinas; 4) the motive of nature and freedom, which rules modern humanistic  thought. Behind all the logic and systematizing of the philosophers these  fundamental motives are at work. Kant's distinction of the theoretical and  practical reason, for instance, is not just the result of logical reasoning, but  is the expression of the covert dualism in the religious motive ruling his  thought, that of nature and freedom.&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Dooyeweerd finds  all of these motives except the Christian one to be composed of two antagonistic  motives which battle against each other. Modern humanistic thought is dominated  by the motive of &lt;i&gt;-nature &lt;/i&gt;and freedom. Nature is the sphere of- the  externally conditioned. Freedom is man's self-determination. The ideal of  science is to construe experience as a concatenation of causal relationships;  but this leaves no room for the self-determination of free personality. In our  country this problem comes to very clear exprestion; 3) the motive of nature  and&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;14. IERW, pp.  14-15.&lt;br /&gt;15. IERW, p. 14.&lt;br /&gt;16. TPPT, p. 55.&lt;br /&gt;17. TPPT, p.  53.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;18. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;TPPT, p. 24.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;expres sion in the though of Reinhold Niebuhr, especially in  his earlier writings.&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Thus, according  to Dooyeweerd, theoretical thought is not autonomous. It is carried and formed  by the motive of one or the other religious community. It is only the Christian  motive which can give an integral view of reality, because it has a starting  point in which it is possible to account for the origin, diversity, and the  relation of the various aspects of the cosmos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;The claim that  theoretical thought is not neutral but is dependent upon a religious commitment  is of immense significance. It would provide an integral, internal relation  between faith and scientific endeavor. It opens the way for a &lt;i&gt;Christian  &lt;/i&gt;scientific activity. If theoretical thought is neutral with respect to the  Christian faith ' then it is not possible to have &lt;i&gt;Christian &lt;/i&gt;scientific  endeavor. There is then but personal Christian faith and neutral scientific  attitude. If an internal relation between the Christian faith and scientific  endeavor exists it will be possible to have science also under the kingship of  Christ. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;But does not the  idea that science is religiously conditioned open the door to a flood of  subjective prejudices that would destroy the objectivity of scientific endeavor  and erase the possibility of fruitful communication between opposing positions?  That such might happen is undeniable. But Dooyeweerd says that such would be a  misunderstanding of the true nature of his critique. He claims that thought,  while obeying the most rigid canons of procedure, must come to the conclusion  that it has necessarity religious commitments. The recognition of these  presuppositions does not destroy the critical character of thought. That the  critical investigation of thought is dependent on a supertheoretic starting  point would injure its scientific character only if thereby a really scientific  problem should be eliminated by an authoritative dictum.20 His critique shows,  that thought which refuses to recognize its religious presuppositions and which  holds to the independence of theoretical thought is dogmatic and uncritical in  its starting point, Failure to see the religious root of thought has resulted in  a fruitless battle of the various isms in philosophy, without the possibility of  true communication between the opposing systems. Only when the source of the  mutually destructive isms is uncovered is there again the possibility of  fruitful contact between systems. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;In stressing the  antithesis between Christian and non-Christian also in the realm of &lt;i&gt;theoria,  &lt;/i&gt;Dooyeweerd follows in the footsteps of Abraham Kuyper. We should not  interpret their views of the religious apriori subjectively, however, as if the  Christian investigator were to come simply laden with subjective prejudices.  Such would really destroy the scientific character of&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;19. See his, Does  Civilization Need Religion?. pp. 6, 19, &lt;i&gt;et passim.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;20. TPPT, pp.  vi-vii.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: xx-small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;his effort. But to establish the fact  that a true critical investigation of thought uncovers a religious apriori in  all thought opens the way to establishing an organic relationship between faith  and science. The way is then prepared for showing the fruitfulness of the  Christian world view for science. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Seeing such an  organic connection of faith and science will save the Christian from various  pitfalls. It will free him, in the first place, from binding science to the  proof of the Bible. The Christian is sincerely interested in the trustworthiness  of the Scriptures, and he will be engaged in defending them from unbelieving  attacks. He should not, however, confine the meaning of science to the support  of Biblical passages. Whether or not it is their conscious intent, many orthodox  Christians give the impression that this is all that science means to them. The  Christian must establish the possibility of working at the sciences f rom a  distinctively Christian point of view. He must in a positive way try to show the  fruitfulness of the Christian world view for scientific effort. In the second  place, it will save Christians from using scientific information just to find  analogies to spiritual truth in nature. That there is some analogy between  nature and the Christian life may be supposed from Christ's use of parables from  nature. However, it is a mistake to assume that the "Christian" in Christian  scientific endeavor is the discovery of some such analogies, perhaps &lt;i&gt;vestigia  trinitatis &lt;/i&gt;in the structure of the universe. In the third place, it will  save the Christian from assuming that there is a neutral f actuality that can be  grasped and understood alike by Christian and non-Christian. A neutral  factuality is almost bound to push religion back into the corner of the  subjective. On the other hand, to see an organic connection between faith and  science will make the Christian faith fruitful in every aspect of life,  subjecting all, to the kingship of Christ. The Christian can deepen himself in  the sciences with the confidence that the earth is the Lord's and the fulness  thereof. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;Dooyeweerd does  not see &lt;i&gt;theoria &lt;/i&gt;as the sole way to truth and to true humanity, as did the  Pythagoreans with their idea of the bios &lt;i&gt;theoretzkos. &lt;/i&gt;He does not degrade  naive experience into an impossible theory of reality. In naive experience we  encounter reality as it is given. It is the theoretical attitude that is strange  to reality, because it breaks the original unity of the cosmos and seeks to  regain it again in a theoretical synthesis. There are many activities in a  developed culture for which theoretical activity is necessary, however.  Theoretical thought itself is a deepening of thought as used in everyday life,  and it is an instrument in the development of culture. Though it is not the  calling of all Christians, it is a necessary task for the Christian community.  Some members of the Christian community, who have been endowed with the  particular gifts for thought, should. engage in theoretical activity on a  distinctively Christian foundation. This will be one form of obedience to the  command to subdue the earth. As the secrets of God's universe are unlocked, and  as its potentialities are developed, there will be a testimony to the honor and  glory of Him by whom, through whom, and to whom are all things, in heaven and on  earth.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;hr /&gt; &lt;span style="color: black; font-family: Times Roman; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1954/JASA6-54Knudsen.html"&gt;http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1954/JASA6-54Knudsen.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Divulgação: &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-4495002577068976221?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/4495002577068976221/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/idea-of-christian-scientific-endeavor.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/4495002577068976221'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/4495002577068976221'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/11/idea-of-christian-scientific-endeavor.html' title='The Idea of Christian Scientific Endeavor in the Thought of Herman Dooyeweerd by ROBERT D. KNUDSEN, ThM'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-2352675800919938195</id><published>2011-08-27T18:47:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-27T18:47:15.227-07:00</updated><title type='text'>O ENDEUSAMENTO do Estado Laico – Dr. Ives Gandra</title><content type='html'>O ENDEUSAMENTO do Estado Laico – Dr. Ives Gandra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://introducao-direito.blogspot.com/2011/08/o-endeusamento-do-estado-laico-dr-ives.html"&gt;http://introducao-direito.blogspot.com/2011/08/o-endeusamento-do-estado-laico-dr-ives.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-2352675800919938195?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/2352675800919938195/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/08/o-endeusamento-do-estado-laico-dr-ives.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2352675800919938195'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2352675800919938195'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/08/o-endeusamento-do-estado-laico-dr-ives.html' title='O ENDEUSAMENTO do Estado Laico – Dr. Ives Gandra'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-2263152536192948326</id><published>2011-08-26T05:27:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-26T05:27:08.219-07:00</updated><title type='text'>APRENDA JÁ - PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO!</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://aprendaja-planejamentoestrategico.blogspot.com/2011/08/aprenda-ja-planejamento-estrategico.html"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;APRENDA JÁ - PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0c343d; font-size: large;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clique &lt;a href="http://aprendaja-planejamentoestrategico.blogspot.com/2011/08/aprenda-ja-planejamento-estrategico.html"&gt;AQUI&lt;/a&gt; para acessar as informações.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://aprendaja-planejamentoestrategico.blogspot.com/2011/08/aprenda-ja-planejamento-estrategico.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;http://aprendaja-planejamentoestrategico.blogspot.com/2011/08/aprenda-ja-planejamento-estrategico.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-2263152536192948326?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/2263152536192948326/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/08/aprenda-ja-planejamento-estrategico.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2263152536192948326'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2263152536192948326'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/08/aprenda-ja-planejamento-estrategico.html' title='APRENDA JÁ - PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO!'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-7043360698107220903</id><published>2011-08-21T16:11:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-21T16:11:08.457-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Escritos políticos de Dooyeweerd em revisão</title><content type='html'>Escritos políticos de Dooyeweerd em revisão&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="entry entry-content"&gt;&lt;em&gt;por&lt;/em&gt; Lucas G. Freire&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A edição, inédita em português, de dois ensaios de Herman Dooyeweerd sobre teoria do Estado está em processo de preparação e revisão. Dooyeweerd, antes de filósofo, contribuiu (e muito) para o desenvolvimento da Ciência do Direito, a ponto de o famoso Hans Kelsen ter mudado de opinião no final de sua vida por conta da contribuição de Dooyeweerd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O livro, além de indicar o contorno de uma teoria política séria e profunda fundamentada no motivo-base cristão, também contribuirá para o maior conhecimento da abordagem neocalvinista no contexto lusófono. Por conta de erros grotescos de tradução, o chamado “novo calvinismo” (&lt;em&gt;new calvinism&lt;/em&gt;), que de calvinismo pouco ou nada tem, foi associado ao nome de Kuyper, Bavinck, Schilder, Dooyeweerd, Groen van Prinsterer e outros. Assim, o vetusto neocalvinismo, força motriz do grandioso desenvolvimento político e cultural holandês a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, tem sido injustamente criticado por conta de uma associação mnemônica superficial com o dito “novo calvinismo”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Também contribui para a confusão geral o fato de teólogos ligados à tradição introspectiva (e, em alguns casos, hipercalvinista e hiperpactualista) holandesa terem, desde a era Kuyper, criticado a defesa neocalvinsta do cristianismo como uma cosmovisão que tudo abrange. Ocorre que tais textos foram traduzidos sem que antes se ouvisse a voz kuyperiana. Pior: traduzidos sem maiores explicações sobre o fato de serem derivados de uma agenda politico-eclesiástica específica, ligada aos debates eclesiológicos holandeses. Por conta de tradução e divulgação descontextualizada dessas críticas, o povo lusófono carece de uma clareza sobre o que significa entender o cristianismo como cosmovisão.&lt;br /&gt;O melhor a fazer é ler os textos (tando de um lado como de outro) nos seus respectivos contextos. Enquanto isso, simplesmente afirmo que, se cremos que o cristianismo tem algo a dizer sobre a política, devemos ler com avidez o que outros cristãos reformados, confessionais e intelectualmente privilegiados disseram no passado, em vez de tentar reinventar a roda através, ironicamente, do plágio escolástico que prevalece nos nossos meios.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://neocalvinismo.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em-revisao/"&gt;http://neocalvinismo.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em-revisao/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;Divulgação: &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;a href="http://jornalsaopaulopresbiteriano.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;http://jornalsaopaulopresbiteriano.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="post-title entry-title"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;INSTITUTO DE EDUCAÇÃO E CULTURA REFORMADA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;Reformar a Sociedade Brasileira  através da Reforma da Educação e Cultura a partir da Cosmovisão Cristã,  Reformada e Calvinista.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="post-title entry-title"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #007f00;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="entry entry-content"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-7043360698107220903?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/7043360698107220903/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/08/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7043360698107220903'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7043360698107220903'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/08/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em.html' title='Escritos políticos de Dooyeweerd em revisão'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-3553175020341920334</id><published>2011-07-23T12:03:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-23T12:03:35.858-07:00</updated><title type='text'>A Epistemologia de Alvin Plantinga - Excelente Encontro Acadêmico e Científico</title><content type='html'>A Epistemologia de Alvin Plantinga - Excelente Encontro Acadêmico e Científico&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://alvinplantinga.blogspot.com/2011/07/epistemologia-de-alvin-plantinga.html"&gt;http://alvinplantinga.blogspot.com/2011/07/epistemologia-de-alvin-plantinga.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-3553175020341920334?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/3553175020341920334/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/07/epistemologia-de-alvin-plantinga.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/3553175020341920334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/3553175020341920334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/07/epistemologia-de-alvin-plantinga.html' title='A Epistemologia de Alvin Plantinga - Excelente Encontro Acadêmico e Científico'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-6993925767738502036</id><published>2011-07-08T17:35:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-08T17:35:30.857-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Abriram as Inscrições para o Congresso de Psicologia e Cristianismo no Mackenzie!</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title"&gt;Abriram as Inscrições para o Congresso de  Psicologia e Cristianismo no Mackenzie! &lt;/h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="post-header"&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;span class="post-author vcard"&gt;Postado por &lt;span class="fn"&gt;Augustus Nicodemus Lopes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;span class="post-author vcard"&gt;&lt;span class="fn"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;O Mackenzie vem oferecendo há vários anos congressos internacionais de grande  porte onde são tratados temas relevantes para a comunidade acadêmica e para o  público em geral. Nestes congressos procura-se abordar os assuntos do ponto de  vista da confessionalidade cristã reformada do Mackenzie em diálogo com outros  olhares e entendimentos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este Congresso sobre Psicologia e Cristianismo  segue esta linha de abordagem. Os principais palestrantes, Dr. David Powlison e  Dr. Eric Johnson, são doutores formados em universidades seculares na área de  psicologia, e tratarão do tema do ponto de vista cristão. Outros palestrantes,  igualmente preparados, lançarão um olhar secular e crítico sobre esta relação  entre fé e psicologia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É um momento inédito, em que uma Universidade de  grande porte e renome encara o assunto Psicologia e Cristianismo pelo viés  cristão sem perder o diálogo com outras abordagens do tema.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As inscrições  já estão abertas. &lt;a href="http://www.mackenzie.br/vcongresso.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #26c13e;"&gt;CLIQUE  AQUI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; para se inscrever e para mais informações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As palestras serão  transmitidas ao vivo pela internet e ficarão disponíveis para download gratuito  após o evento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj0hOIabGwg/ThebOfwTAUI/AAAAAAAABbs/5RSiATwn8Tw/s1600/psicologia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj0hOIabGwg/ThebOfwTAUI/AAAAAAAABbs/5RSiATwn8Tw/s400/psicologia.jpg" width="282" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://tempora-mores.blogspot.com/2011/07/abriram-as-inscricoes-para-o-congresso.html"&gt;http://tempora-mores.blogspot.com/2011/07/abriram-as-inscricoes-para-o-congresso.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="post-header-line-1"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;+++++&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Divulgação:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apoio:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;FRENTE BÍBLICA E POLÍTICA DE  UNIDADE&lt;/strong&gt; de Cristãos, Reformados, Calvinistas, Puritanos, Evangélicos,  Teonomistas e Pentecostais para &lt;strong&gt;Orientação e Organização Política e  Estabelecimento da Moral nas Eleições de 2012 e 2014 no Estado de São  Paulo.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/2011/07/frente-biblica-e-politica-de-unidade.html"&gt;&lt;span style="color: purple;"&gt;http://educacaoeculturareformada.blogspot.com/2011/07/frente-biblica-e-politica-de-unidade.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-6993925767738502036?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/6993925767738502036/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/07/abriram-as-inscricoes-para-o-congresso.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6993925767738502036'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6993925767738502036'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/07/abriram-as-inscricoes-para-o-congresso.html' title='Abriram as Inscrições para o Congresso de Psicologia e Cristianismo no Mackenzie!'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dj0hOIabGwg/ThebOfwTAUI/AAAAAAAABbs/5RSiATwn8Tw/s72-c/psicologia.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-522133473126521344</id><published>2011-04-26T13:46:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-26T13:46:33.019-07:00</updated><title type='text'>FILOSOFIA, EXEGESE E APOLOGÉTICA - UM RELATÓRIO DE MEUS ESTUDOS NO CPAJ</title><content type='html'>Nos dias 04 - 15 de abril participei de dois novos módulos no Centro de Pós-Graduação Andrew Jumper - Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. O primeiro foi sobre a proposta teológico-filosófica do Filosófo e Jurista Holandês Herman Dooyeweerd, ministrada pelo Prof. Fabiano Oliveira. Abaixo segue um resumo dos antecendentes históricos e filosóficos de Herman Dooyeweerd (Espero que o Prof. Fabiano não se incomode em eu postar aqui parte de minha avaliação entregue a ele). O pensamento do Filósofo é gigantesco! Eu diria que Dooyeweerd está para a filosofia reformada como Kant está para academia secular. O segundo módulo foi sobre a Apologética de Cornelius Van Til (No próximo post publicarei parte de um glossário vantiliano). Nas leituras realizadas percebemos como estes dois filósofos foram influentes em outros pensadores e em outras áreas: filosofia, psicologia, economia, direito, teologia etc. A cada aula e a cada leitura novas descobertas. Principalmente a robustez em fazer filosofia sob o referencial das Escrituras, fundamentado em uma metodologia exegética, construída com o mesmo rigor filosófico contido em obras de outros filósofos. Além do mais, também foi edificante aprender da piedade desses dois pensadores. Os Cristãos reformados estão fazendo filosofia e teologia robustas, solidificada à luz da Exegese, da Exposição e do refinamento filosófico atualizado. Num diálogo crítico com outras Escolas, não se tem medo de enfrentar e debater as questões relacionadas a nossa disciplina (Teológia Filosófica) ou à disciplina alheia (Filosofia). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No próximo semestre, querendo Deus, faremos os módulos "Modernidade e Pós-Modernidade" e "A Apologética de Francis Schaeffer". Pelo rigor acadêmico que tenho visto no CPAJ, sei que serão tão bons quanto os anteriores. Ansioso pelo dia!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;________________________________&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="javascript:void(0);"&gt;&lt;img alt="" border="0" class=" " loaded="true" src="http://www.guilhermedecarvalho.com/Dooyeweerd/fotoHD.jpg" style="float: left; height: 348px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 231px;" xsrc="http://www.guilhermedecarvalho.com/Dooyeweerd/fotoHD.jpg" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O contexto histórico-filosófico do holandês Herman Dooyeweerd (1894 – 1977) encontra-se entre dois pólos. Primeiro, no contexto do NeoCalvinismo Holandês e, segundo, a filosofia alemã contemporânea, tanto do neo-kantismo, quanto da Fenomenologia de Edmundo Husserl. Isso sem menosprezar a influência familiar na formação do Dooyeweerd, na qual teve seus primeiros contatos com o neocalvismo por parte de seus pais. Wolters (1987), afirma que “Dooyeweerd não pode ser entendido se a apreciação de ambos os movimentos”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No primeiro ambiente, a filosofia de Dooyeweerd pode ser seguida desde as primeiras formulações do movimento fundado pro Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801 – 1876) e Abraham Kuyper (1837 – 1920) conhecido como neocalvismo. Van Prinsterer, aristocrata holandês e fundador do Partido Alemão Anti-revolucionário, argumentava, com base em sua importante obra, Unbelief and Revolution (1847), que se o Cristianismo fosse eliminado da vida pública, o resultado seria o caos da ordem por meio de uma revolução violenta (BISHOP). A conseqüência de sua exposição nos leva ao segundo grande pensador e propagador das ideias primordiais de van Prinsterer, Abraham Kuyper.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kuyper exerceu maior influência sobre Dooyeweerd e é o mais conhecido do Neocalvinismo. Através de publicações e envolvimento eclesiástico (como pastor) e político (como líder do Partido Anti-revolucionário e posteriormente Primeiro Ministro), Kuyper pôde desenvolver uma visão reformada que fosse além dos aspectos soteriológicos do Calvinismo. Para Kuyper, apropriando-se dos conceitos de Weltanschauung já depurados por James Orr, o Calvinismo é uma Cosmovisão completa de vida, ou seja, o Calvinismo é um sistema completo de mundo e de vida. O próprio Dooyweerd confessa sua dependência, ainda que não sem críticas, da influência kuyperiana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A filosofia da Ideia Cosmonômica, desde o começo de seu desenvolvimento até sua primeira expressão sistemática nesta obra, somente pode ser entendida como fruto do despertamento Calvinista na Holanda desde as últimas décadas do século XIX, um movimento que foi liderado por Abraham Kuyper (DOOYEWEERD, 1984, p. 523).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isto posto, não podemos esquecer ainda a participação de seu cunhado D.H.T. Vollenhoven (1892 – 1978) que, marcadamente providenciou a Dooyeweerd uma abrangente visão acerca da estética, arte, economia, educação e outras ciências, especialmente história e filosofia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No âmbito filosófico, a segunda principal influência sobre Dooyeweerd foi a Filosofia Alemã, especialmente em sua vertente neo-kantiana e fenomenológica. O próprio Dooyeweerd confessa isso no prefácio de sua principal obra, A New Critique of Theorical Thought, dizendo: “Eu estava fortemente sob influência da filosofia Neo-Kantiana, [e] posteriormente sobre a fenomenologia de Husserl”(DOOYEWEERD, 1984, p. v). Wolters (1987), diz que esta “é o fator mais importante para entender algumas das características mais estritas e técnicas” do pensamento de Dooyeweerd. No primeiro caso, a participação de Wilhelm Windelbrand e Heinrich Rickert, que contribuirão para a distinção entre Normas e Leis da Natureza (WOLTERS, 1987) e Nicholai Hartmann, cujos aspectos modais de sua filosofia marcarão o pensamento de Dooyeweerd que sofisticará a idéia de Hartmann e, ainda, a postulação de diferentes níveis ontológicos no qual cada nível é irredutível a um anterior (WOLTERS).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enfim, o método transcendental do neo-kantismo seria criticado sob uma ótica biblicamente orientada, passando a ser uma nova crítica do pensamento teorético. Assim, conceitos como idéia, sujeito, conceito, transcendente, transcendental etc., passam por um refinamento em Dooyeweerd que se interessa pelo ferramental da filosofia de modo crítico e refletido sob “os pressupostos revelacionais”(OLIVEIRA, 2011, p. 56).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Postado por Gaspar de Souza&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-522133473126521344?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/522133473126521344/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/04/filosofia-exegese-e-apologetica-um.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/522133473126521344'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/522133473126521344'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/04/filosofia-exegese-e-apologetica-um.html' title='FILOSOFIA, EXEGESE E APOLOGÉTICA - UM RELATÓRIO DE MEUS ESTUDOS NO CPAJ'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-7750772048328196043</id><published>2011-04-02T10:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-02T10:58:59.907-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Comunicação Científica: Historicismo e o sentido da história na crítica do pensamento filosófico cosmonômico de Herman Dooyeweerd.</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;IIIº Congresso Nacional da ANPTECRE&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.anptecre.org.br/3anptecre/"&gt;http://www.anptecre.org.br/3anptecre/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;GT 18: Filosofia da Religião&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Explicitador e referência para contatos:&lt;br /&gt;MÁRCIO ANTÕNIO DE PAIVA (PUC-Minas), &lt;a href="mailto:filosofiadareligiao@pucminas.br"&gt;filosofiadareligiao@pucminas.br&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Historicismo e o sentido da história na crítica do pensamento filosófico cosmonômico de Herman Dooyeweerd.&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Luis Cavalcante,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="mailto:prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br"&gt;prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;- Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-7750772048328196043?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/7750772048328196043/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/04/comunicacao-cientifica-historicismo-e-o.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7750772048328196043'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7750772048328196043'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/04/comunicacao-cientifica-historicismo-e-o.html' title='Comunicação Científica: Historicismo e o sentido da história na crítica do pensamento filosófico cosmonômico de Herman Dooyeweerd.'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-7180591718989759566</id><published>2011-04-02T10:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-02T10:45:27.487-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Comunicação Científica: A contribuição do pensamento reformacional de H. Dooyeweerd para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria da religião da religião</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;IIIº Congresso Nacional da ANPTECRE&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-align: left;"&gt;Resumos Aceitos pelo GT 12: Teorias da Religião&lt;/div&gt;(Coordenador: Luís Henrique Dreher - PPCIR-UFJF, &lt;a href="mailto:luis.dreher@ufjf.edu.br"&gt;luis.dreher@ufjf.edu.br&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A contribuição do pensamento reformacional de H. Dooyeweerd para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria da religião da religião&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Luis Cavalcante – UPM, &lt;a href="mailto:prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br"&gt;prof.luiscavalcante@bol.com.br&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;br /&gt;A comunicação propõe-se investigar a relevância de aprofundar e entender a religião na interface e proposta de uma cosmovisão calvinista e pensamento reformado. A noção de religião não abarcaria apenas “fenômenos religiosos externos”, grupos “religiosos institucionais ou não”, a construção cultural, social e econômica, ou ainda, uma área ou esfera da vida. Antes, há que perceber a religião como raiz primária de todo pensamento, que o envolve totalmente e lhe dá direção em cada domínio do empreendimento humano. Segundo o filósofo Herman Dooyeweerd, a religião é “o impulso inato do eu humano para direcionar-se rumo à verdadeira, ou a uma simulada, origem absoluta de toda a diversidade temporal do sentido”. Pretende-se verificar o conceito de religião no olhar da filosofia reformacional através da primeira da obra de Herman Dooyeweerd traduzida para o português, No crepúsculo do pensamento ocidental: estudos sobre a pretensa autonomia do pensamento filosófico. O princípio de leitura tem como fio vermelho a própria afirmação dooyeweerdiana da impossibilidade de uma pretensa autonomia do pensamento filosófico e científico.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-7180591718989759566?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/7180591718989759566/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/04/comunicacao-cientifica-contribuicao-do.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7180591718989759566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/7180591718989759566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/04/comunicacao-cientifica-contribuicao-do.html' title='Comunicação Científica: A contribuição do pensamento reformacional de H. Dooyeweerd para o desenvolvimento de uma teoria da religião da religião'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-3925971162239144692</id><published>2011-03-30T20:16:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-03-30T20:16:01.199-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Escritos Políticos de Dooyeweerd em Revisão</title><content type='html'>Ótimas notícias,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O segundo volume de nossa série de livros de Herman Dooyeweerd está em estágio adiantado de revisão. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O tema é a Idéia Cristã do Estado, e a tradução crítica e a introdução são obra de dois membros da nossa Associação Kuyper BH: Lucas Freire (atualmente doutorando-se nas áreas de economia e filosofia da ciência em Exeter, UK) e Leonardo Ramos (Doutor em Relações Internacionais e professor da PUC-Minas). Vejam a boa notícia aqui:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://neocalvinismo.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em-revisao/"&gt;http://neocalvinismo.wordpress.com/2011/03/26/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em-revisao/&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A AKET tem uma parceria formal com The Herman Dooyeweerd Foundation para traduzir as obras de HD para o português. O primeiro volume já foi publicado (veja mais informações na barra à direita).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fonte: &lt;a href="http://guilhermedecarvalho.blogspot.com/2011/03/otimas-noticias-o-segundo-volume-de.html"&gt;http://guilhermedecarvalho.blogspot.com/2011/03/otimas-noticias-o-segundo-volume-de.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-3925971162239144692?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/3925971162239144692/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/03/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/3925971162239144692'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/3925971162239144692'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/03/escritos-politicos-de-dooyeweerd-em.html' title='Escritos Políticos de Dooyeweerd em Revisão'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-2992936267162498607</id><published>2011-03-05T11:22:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2011-03-05T11:22:29.431-08:00</updated><title type='text'>A propósito da publicação de Dooyeweerd no Brasil</title><content type='html'>Clique no link abaixo para acessar o arquivo:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://pt.scribd.com/doc/50024017/A-proposito-da-publicacao-de-Dooyeweerd-no-Brasil"&gt;http://pt.scribd.com/doc/50024017/A-proposito-da-publicacao-de-Dooyeweerd-no-Brasil&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-2992936267162498607?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/2992936267162498607/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/03/proposito-da-publicacao-de-dooyeweerd.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2992936267162498607'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2992936267162498607'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2011/03/proposito-da-publicacao-de-dooyeweerd.html' title='A propósito da publicação de Dooyeweerd no Brasil'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-6574981450181602095</id><published>2010-07-03T09:09:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-07-03T09:09:07.341-07:00</updated><title type='text'>A VISÃO CRISTÃ DO ESTADO por Guilherme de Carvalho</title><content type='html'>Maiores informações, clique aqui - &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://cienciapoliticaedireitoshumanos.blogspot.com/2010/07/visao-crista-do-estado-por-guilherme-de.html"&gt;CIÊNCIA POLÍTICA E DIREITOS HUMANOS CALVINISTA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-6574981450181602095?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/6574981450181602095/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2010/07/visao-crista-do-estado-por-guilherme-de.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6574981450181602095'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6574981450181602095'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2010/07/visao-crista-do-estado-por-guilherme-de.html' title='A VISÃO CRISTÃ DO ESTADO por Guilherme de Carvalho'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-2024136327164916819</id><published>2010-06-25T16:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-25T16:14:17.873-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Uma Apresentação Panorâmica da Vida, Pensamento e Antecedentes Intelectuais de Herman Dooyeweerd – Parte I por Fabiano de Almeida Oliveira[1]</title><content type='html'>RESUMO&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O pensamento reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd ainda é relativamente desconhecido no Brasil. O presente artigo pretende remediar essa situação, contribuindo para torná-lo um pouco mais conhecido e despertar o interesse em futuros estudos sobre a Filosofia da Idéia Cosmonômica, como é comumente conhecido esse sistema teórico de pensamento. Contudo, esta apresentação panorâmica em hipótese alguma pretende dar conta do horizonte geral do pensamento dooyeweerdiano, visto ser esta uma tarefa de fôlego destinada a um trabalho de maior envergadura. A proposta aqui apresentada presta-se apenas a proporcionar um vislumbre geral da vida e do pensamento desse autor, do ambiente onde floresceu o seu pensamento, o neocalvinismo holandês ou calvinismo kuyperiano, e do que representou a sua obra, sobretudo para a fé reformada. As idéias e análises de Dooyeweerd sempre estiveram arraigadas numa biocosmovisão calvinista, sendo, por isso, contribuições profundas e inestimáveis para a academia cristã-reformada.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PALAVRAS-CHAVE&lt;br /&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd; Abraham Kuyper; Neocalvinismo holandês; Biocosmovisão;&lt;br /&gt;Filosofia da Idéia Cosmonômica; Crítica teo-referente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;INTRODUÇÃO&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd (1894–1977) foi de longe uma das mais frutíferas contribuições do movimento neocalvinista holandês à causa cristã, especialmente no que diz respeito à esfera cultural. Seu esforço em erigir um edifício teórico-sistemático se deu sem que se deixasse intimidar e nem abrir mão dos pressupostos da Palavra de Deus, o que comumente acontece quando se tenta dialogar com o pensamento cujas conclusões não estão necessariamente alicerçadas nas Escrituras Sagradas. Tal atitude, na melhor das hipóteses, quase sempre resulta em sínteses religiosas entre os genuínos pressupostos cristãos e os pressupostos não-cristãos, redundando em uma biocosmovisão[2] quimérica.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A filosofia de Dooyeweerd não foi forjada num vácuo intelectual; pelo contrário, seu pensamento se originou e se desenvolveu dentro de um ambiente cultural marcado pelo avivamento produzido pelo movimento neocalvinista holandês. Este lhe forneceu a visão ou concepção unificada de vida e de mundo, ou nos termos de Abraham Kuyper, uma biocosmovisão radicalmente baseada nos pressupostos da Escritura tal como apresentados pela tradição calvinista. Portanto, o pensamento de Dooyeweerd deve ao movimento neocalvinista holandês a sua orientação religiosa básica. Estes temas e pressupostos neocalvinistas ganharam uma formulação técnica e conceitual ao serem jungidos à estrutura metodológica fornecida, principalmente, por duas correntes filosóficas alemãs muito influentes nos dias de Dooyeweerd, o neokantismo ou neocriticismo alemão, sobretudo da Escola de Baden, representada por filósofos como Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915) e Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936), e a fenomenologia de Edmund Husserl (1859-1938).[3]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O neocalvinismo foi uma força intelectual muito relacionada à construção de uma biocosmovisão cristã baseada na Escritura. A filosofia alemã, neste caso o neokantismo e a fenomenologia de Edmund Husserl, forneceram a Dooyeweerd o ferramental técnico e a estrutura metodológica propriamente dita de seu pensamento. Em outras palavras, é possível dizer que enquanto o movimento neocalvinista legou a Dooyeweerd uma biocosmovisão baseada na Palavra de Deus, a filosofia alemã lhe emprestou a metodologia apropriada para que aquela biocosmovisão fosse expressa através de uma filosofia técnica no sentido rigoroso da palavra[4]. Este artigo se limitará à apresentação do movimento neocalvinista holandês responsável pela biocosmovisão que Dooyeweerd tentará sistematizar.[5]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Os Antecedentes Culturais e Intelectuais do Pensamento de Herman Dooyeweerd: O Neocalvinismo Holandês&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foi o próprio Dooyeweerd que confessou que a Filosofia da Idéia Cosmonômica era fruto do reavivamento calvinista na Holanda liderado por Abraham Kuyper, ocorrido nas últimas décadas do século 19[6]. Desde o século 19 os calvinistas holandeses passaram a se envolver de maneira muito intensa com o exercício da responsabilidade cultural. Isto se deu em virtude de uma reforma levada a efeito principalmente por dois líderes calvinistas: Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876) e Abraham Kuyper (1837-1920). Tal reforma se fez necessária em função do declínio espiritual da igreja do estado, a Igreja Reformada da Holanda, cujo vigor espiritual e ortodoxia doutrinária haviam se perdido, resultado do contínuo processo de secularização possibilitado pelos efeitos tardios da filosofia iluminista do século 18. O mesmo fenômeno se repetia em toda a Europa: as igrejas históricas estavam morrendo e o liberalismo teológico tomando o lugar da ortodoxia. Entre elas também se encontrava a Igreja Reformada da Holanda[7].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nesse período, várias igrejas e concílios iniciaram uma série de protestos, reivindicando o retorno aos padrões históricos de fé que estavam sendo pouco a pouco desprezados pela igreja do Estado. Os dois principais movimentos de protesto foram o Afscheiding[8], ocorrido na primeira metade do século 19, e o Doleantie, que se deu na segunda metade desse mesmo século. Todos esses movimentos de insatisfação dentro da Igreja Reformada da Holanda resultaram em cisões. A cisão provocada pelo Afscheiding se deu em 1834, sob a liderança de Hendrik Cock e H. P. Scholte[9]. Esse movimento resultou na criação da Igreja Cristã Reformada da Holanda. O primeiro grande líder dessa resistência foi Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer, que muito se esforçou para restaurar a pureza original da Igreja, levando as idéias desse movimento às escolas e fundando um partido político cristão. O segundo grande líder e sucessor de Groen van Prinsterer foi Abraham Kuyper. Kuyper foi o líder da cisão de 1886 conhecida como Doleantie[10]. Esse movimento teve o seu centro na cidade de Amsterdã, onde, alguns anos antes (1880), Kuyper havia criado a Universidade Livre. O Doleantie resultou no segundo maior cisma dentro da igreja estatal[11], sendo, de certa forma, uma continuação do movimento de insatisfação iniciado no Afscheiding por causa da crescente introdução de conceitos liberais que estavam produzindo frouxidão doutrinária. Este movimento também foi um protesto contra a política eclesiástica da igreja do Estado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O termo “neocalvinismo”, ao que parece, foi criado pelos simpatizantes e seguidores de Kuyper e popularizado pelos seus críticos reformados que desejavam acentuar as diferenças entre Calvino e o calvinismo revitalizado kuyperiano[12]. Um dos críticos contemporâneos mais ácidos de Kuyper e de seus seguidores, que ajudou a popularizar esse termo, foi Foppe M. Ten Hoor, um pastor da Igreja Cristã Reformada da América e também professor de teologia sistemática no Calvin Theological Seminary, em Grand Rapids, de 1900 a 1924[13]. Segundo John Bolt, o termo apareceu pela primeira vez num impresso de 1897, feito por um jurista holandês chamado A. Anema, que era professor da Universidade Livre de Amsterdã, além de grande simpatizante da obra de Kuyper[14]. No início, o termo tinha uma conotação pejorativa. Prova disso é que o próprio Kuyper se autodenominava um calvinista histórico[15]. Entretanto, aos poucos essa expressão passou a ser vista como símbolo de um calvinismo integral voltado à totalidade da vida. O neocalvinismo foi um movimento de caráter eclesiástico-cultural baseado no resgate dos princípios da reforma calvinista e na reinterpretação, baseada nestes mesmos princípios, dos deveres cristãos frente às demandas sócio-culturais de sua própria época. Este movimento representou o reavivamento do interesse pelo pensamento de João Calvino vividamente aplicado às questões da época[16]. O movimento, por algumas décadas, exerceu uma forte influência sobre a vida cultural e política da Holanda, propondo a construção de uma “biocosmovisão” cristã-calvinista[17]. Foi o próprio Kuyper quem articulou essa cosmovisão de maneira paulatina, através de seus artigos publicados por vários anos nos periódicos Standaard e De Heraut, e em muitos livros que escreveu, principalmente na obra que ficou conhecida como Stone Lectures on Calvinism, uma série de palestras proferidas no Seminário Teológico de Princeton, nos Estados Unidos, em 1898. Nessa série de palestras, Kuyper apresenta o calvinismo como uma força cultural, um sistema de vida não restrito às esferas eclesiástica e teológica[18]. Kuyper estava convicto de que era através de um resgate do calvinismo original que o cristianismo poderia se opor vigorosamente aos princípios apóstatas resultantes do pensamento moderno[19].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kuyper não chegou a desenvolver a sua biocosmovisão na forma de um sistema teórico que servisse de ponto de partida estrutural para a edificação teoreferente das demais áreas do conhecimento humano, com exceção da teologia, que contou mais de perto com o seu gênio sistemático. Seu sucessor na cadeira de dogmática da Universidade Livre de Amsterdã, Herman Bavinck (1854-1921), era dogmático por profissão e também sentia a necessidade de uma estrutura filosófica cristã fiel e em linha com a Revelação, tendo até escrito um ensaio intitulado Filosofia da Revelação para preencher essa lacuna. Ambos, Kuyper e Bavinck, contribuíram com princípios gerais para a causa neocalvinista; em suma, contribuíram com a formulação de uma biocosmovisão. No entanto, a sistematização destes princípios na forma de um corpo filosófico consistente e unificado só surgiu anos mais tarde com o trabalho pioneiro de Dooyeweerd e seu cunhado Dirk Hendrik Theodoor Vollenhoven (1892-1978).[20]&lt;br /&gt;Fonte: Revista Fides Reformata XI, nº 2, 2006.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;________________________&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Notas: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[1]O autor é ministro da Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil; bacharel em Teologia pelo Seminário Unido de Teologia – RJ; bacharel em Filosofia pela Universidade de São Paulo; mestre em Teologia com concentração em Filosofia pelo Centro Presbiteriano de Pós-Graduação Andrew Jumper; mestrando em Filosofia pela Universidade de São Paulo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[2] Biocosmovisão ou simplesmente “cosmovisão” – literalmente “visão ou concepção de vida e de mundo”, termo cognato do alemão Weltanschauung, muito encontrado na filosofia de Wilhelm Dilthey; foi empregado por Abraham Kuyper nas suas famosas “Palestras sobre o Calvinismo” para descrever o calvinismo como um sistema integral pré-discursivo pelo qual se compreende e se interpreta a vida e o mundo. Ver WOLTERS, Albert M. The intellectual milieu of Herman Dooyeweerd. Em: MCINTIRE, C.T. (org.). The legacy of Herman Dooyeweerd: Reflections on critical philosophy in the Christian tradition. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1985, p. 4. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[3] Ibid., p. 12.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[4] A apropriação de alguns aspectos metodológicos do pensamento neokantiano e fenomenológico não deve ser confundida com uma síntese de pressupostos ou mesmo com uma absorção acrítica e irrefletida do conteúdo filosófico destas escolas, como será visto mais à frente. É preciso lembrar que Dooyeweerd se propõe a criar um sistema teórico fundamentado na antítese religiosa entre os pressupostos religiosos da Escritura e os do mundo apóstata. Dooyeweerd sempre lutou ardorosamente contra toda sorte de conformação do pensamento cristão com o pensamento não-cristão de seu tempo. No entanto, tal como Calvino, também cria na existência de muitos momentos de verdade no pensamento não-cristão em virtude da graça comum de Deus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[5] Dois textos em particular tentam, muito cautelosamente, remontar às origens intelectuais e culturais do pensamento e da metodologia empregada no pensamento de Dooyeweerd. São eles: KNUDSEN, Robert D. Dooyeweerd’s philosophical method. Apresentação feita na Conferência Anual de Filosofia do Wheaton College. Wheaton, Illinois: Wheaton College, 1962. Essa palestra mais tarde foi incluída num texto mimeografado do próprio Knudsen intitulado Philosophia reformanda: Reflections on the philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd, 1971; e WOLTERS, Albert M. The intellectual milieu of Herman Dooyeweerd. Esse texto se encontra na obra The legacy of Herman Dooyeweerd: Reflections on critical philosophy in the Christian tradition, cujo editor geral é C.T. McIntire. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[6] DOOYEWEERD, Herman. A new critique of theoretical thought. Jordan Station, Ontario: Paideia Press, 1984, vol. 1, p. 523.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[7] WALSH, Brian; CHAPLIN, Jonathan. Dooyeweerd’s contribution to a Christian philosophical paradigm. Toronto: The Association for the Advancement of Christian Scholarship, 1982, p. 2. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[8] Afscheiding é um vocábulo holandês que quer dizer “separação”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[9] AAMSMA, Louis. Doleantie. In: HUGHES, Philip E. (org.). The encyclopedia of Christianity. Marshallton, Delaware: The National Foundation for Christian Education, 1972, vol. 3, p. 432. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[10] O termo Doleantie vem do verbo holandês dolerende que significa “queixar-se”, “lamentar”, “reclamar”, e indica a postura dos crentes fiéis diante da atitude desconfortável daqueles que estavam promovendo inovações às custas do sepultamento da tradição confessional da Igreja. Vide BOLT, John. A free church, a holy nation: Abraham Kuyper’s American public theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001, p. 454, n. 25. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[11] BOLT, A free church, a holy nation, p. 190. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[12] Ibid., p. 444.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[13] Ibid. Para mais detalhes acerca da crítica de F. M. Tem Hoor a Kuyper, Bavinck e seus seguidores, remeto os leitores ao capítulo 8 da obra de BRATT, James D. Dutch Calvinism in modern America: A history of a conservative subculture. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[14] Ibid.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[15] Isso fica claro, por exemplo, nas suas Stone Lectures on Calvinism, que foram publicadas recentemente em português pela Editora Cultura Cristã. KUYPER, Abraham. Calvinismo. São Paulo: Cultura Cristã, 2002.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[16] BOLT, A free church, a holy nation, p. 444.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[17] WOLTERS, The intellectual milieu of Herman Dooyeweerd. Em: MCINTIRE, The legacy of Herman Dooyeweerd, p. 2. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[18] ZYLSTRA, Bernard. Introduction. Em: KALSBEEK, L. Contours of a Christian philosophy: An introduction to Herman Dooyeweerd’s thought. Toronto: Wedge Publishing Foundation, 1981, p. 18. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[19] KUYPER, Calvinismo, p. 19.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[20]D. H. Th. Vollenhoven era professor de filosofia da Universidade Livre de Amsterdã.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Extraído do site: &lt;a href="http://www.eleitosdedeus.org/biografias/uma-apresentacao-panoramica-vida-pensamento-antecedentes-intelectuais-herman-dooyeweerd-1-fabiano-almeida-oliveira.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sociedadecalvinista+%28Sociedade+Calvinista%29#ixzz0ruOyEX52"&gt;http://www.eleitosdedeus.org/biografias/uma-apresentacao-panoramica-vida-pensamento-antecedentes-intelectuais-herman-dooyeweerd-1-fabiano-almeida-oliveira.html?utm_source=feedburner&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+sociedadecalvinista+%28Sociedade+Calvinista%29#ixzz0ruOyEX52&lt;/a&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exerça seu Cristianismo: se vai usar nosso material, cite o autor, o tradutor (quando for o caso), a editora (quando for o caso) e o nosso endereço. Under Creative Commons License: Attribution&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-2024136327164916819?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/2024136327164916819/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2010/06/uma-apresentacao-panoramica-da-vida.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2024136327164916819'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2024136327164916819'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2010/06/uma-apresentacao-panoramica-da-vida.html' title='Uma Apresentação Panorâmica da Vida, Pensamento e Antecedentes Intelectuais de Herman Dooyeweerd – Parte I por Fabiano de Almeida Oliveira[1]'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-100407358609063097</id><published>2010-06-25T15:42:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-25T15:45:45.113-07:00</updated><title type='text'>O MELHOR LIVRO DOS ÚLTIMOS "100 ANOS" PARA DESENVOLVER UMA MENTE, UM INTELECTO, UM PENSAMENTO TEÓRICO E EPISTEMOLOGICAMENTE BÍBLICO, CRISTÃO E REFORMADO-REFORMACIONAL.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TCUwMYA3g9I/AAAAAAAAAxg/N7D8muAxqUU/s1600/Herman+Dooyeweerd1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="400" ru="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TCUwMYA3g9I/AAAAAAAAAxg/N7D8muAxqUU/s400/Herman+Dooyeweerd1.jpg" width="322" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: x-large;"&gt;No crepúsculo do pensamento - Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No Crepúsculo Dooyeweerd apresenta um articulado desafio à noção moderna popular de que o pensamento teórico em geral (especialmente nas disciplinas acadêmicas) e o pensamento filosófico em particular seriam "neutros" em relação à religião. Embora pouca gente hoje em dia acredite na neutralidade do pensamento em relação à cultura, ao sistema econômico, ou aos valores sociais, a busca de neutralidade em relação a preconceitos religiosos era e continua sendo um dogma no mundo acadêmico e na política. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TCUv8jV_aRI/AAAAAAAAAxY/wh0i0eMmzpU/s1600/Herman+Dooyweerd.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" height="287" ru="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TCUv8jV_aRI/AAAAAAAAAxY/wh0i0eMmzpU/s320/Herman+Dooyweerd.jpg" width="320" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://hagnos.com.br/livro.php?id=886"&gt;PEÇA O SEU LIVRO AQUI - EDITORA HAGNOS&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-100407358609063097?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/100407358609063097/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2010/06/o-melhor-livro-dos-ultimos-100-anos.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/100407358609063097'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/100407358609063097'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2010/06/o-melhor-livro-dos-ultimos-100-anos.html' title='O MELHOR LIVRO DOS ÚLTIMOS &quot;100 ANOS&quot; PARA DESENVOLVER UMA MENTE, UM INTELECTO, UM PENSAMENTO TEÓRICO E EPISTEMOLOGICAMENTE BÍBLICO, CRISTÃO E REFORMADO-REFORMACIONAL.'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TCUwMYA3g9I/AAAAAAAAAxg/N7D8muAxqUU/s72-c/Herman+Dooyeweerd1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-155624713194646481</id><published>2009-08-03T06:38:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-03T06:39:37.361-07:00</updated><title type='text'>CALVINISMO, CONFORME A REVISTA TIME, É A IDEIA QUE ESTÁ MUDANDO O MUNDO</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SnbQtCbRUZI/AAAAAAAAAcs/d1kb5cc2s-8/s1600-h/Jo%C3%A3o+Calvino.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 360px; height: 235px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SnbQtCbRUZI/AAAAAAAAAcs/d1kb5cc2s-8/s400/Jo%C3%A3o+Calvino.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5365705478222467474" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A revista Time apontou o novo Calvinismo em terceiro lugar, na sua matéria de capa sobre as 10 Idéias transformando o mundo na atualidade(...). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Maiores informações, clique &lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com/2009/08/calvinismo-conforme-revista-time-e.html"&gt;AQUI.&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-155624713194646481?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/155624713194646481/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/08/calvinismo-conforme-revista-time-e.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/155624713194646481'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/155624713194646481'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/08/calvinismo-conforme-revista-time-e.html' title='CALVINISMO, CONFORME A REVISTA TIME, É A IDEIA QUE ESTÁ MUDANDO O MUNDO'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SnbQtCbRUZI/AAAAAAAAAcs/d1kb5cc2s-8/s72-c/Jo%C3%A3o+Calvino.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-645082754929834433</id><published>2009-02-21T15:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-02-21T15:19:21.223-08:00</updated><title type='text'>CALVINO E A EDUCAÇÃO</title><content type='html'>CALVINO E A EDUCAÇÃO&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Verdade e Pluralidade &lt;/strong&gt; - &lt;strong&gt;Introdução &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCCg0CcGaI/AAAAAAAAAQc/hJuf7SNqeTQ/s1600-h/Calvino+e+a+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+-+Carta+de+Princ%C3%ADpios+2009.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 213px; height: 300px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCCg0CcGaI/AAAAAAAAAQc/hJuf7SNqeTQ/s400/Calvino+e+a+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+-+Carta+de+Princ%C3%ADpios+2009.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305383861278742946" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Todos os que chegam à Universidade a cada ano logo se apercebem da pluralidade de entendimentos, concepções e valores que marcam o ambiente universitário. Embora a diversidade esteja presente em sua vida muito antes de se tornar um universitário, é aqui na Academia que o estudante sentirá mais de perto a sua força.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;A pluralidade é um dos conceitos ícones da nossa geração, uma das marcas da moderna Universidade. Como tal, requer a nossa atenção, especialmente pelo fato de sermos uma Universidade confessional. Ainda que a pluralidade seja considerada como um dos postulados mais bem estabelecidos da nossa era, é saudável refletirmos sobre sua natureza, efeitos e desafios. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1) Pluralidade na Universidade&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCD2I3wXpI/AAAAAAAAAQs/mgnsERiM5Fs/s1600-h/Jo%C3%A3o+Calvino.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 75px; height: 95px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCD2I3wXpI/AAAAAAAAAQs/mgnsERiM5Fs/s400/Jo%C3%A3o+Calvino.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305385327159959186" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Embora o ensino superior exista desde a Antiguidade, a Universidade moderna teve suas origens na Europa do séc. XII, conforme a opinião mais aceita, e deve sua forma atual às universidades de Bolonha, Paris e Oxford, que surgiram durante o século XIII. Apesar de ter sofrido influências e transformações oriundas da Renascença, da Reforma e do Iluminismo, a Universidade permaneceu basicamente a mesma e é uma das instituições mais antigas e estáveis do mundo ocidental. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As universidades medievais surgiram graças a diferentes fatores, como atender à crescente demanda de pessoas em busca de educação, o desejo idealista de obter conhecimento, a resistência ao monopólio do saber pelos mosteiros, a vitalidade das escolas mantidas pelas catedrais e o desejo de reformar o ensino. Todavia, elas tinham um objetivo comum, uma mesma missão, que era a busca do conhecimento unificado que permitisse a compreensão da realidade. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCDcwN3g4I/AAAAAAAAAQk/Z_5D-9jgffI/s1600-h/calvinismo.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 180px; height: 258px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCDcwN3g4I/AAAAAAAAAQk/Z_5D-9jgffI/s400/calvinismo.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305384891045086082" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Universitas, na Idade Média, era um termo jurídico que, empregado para as escolas, significava um grupo inteiro de pessoas engajadas em ocupações científicas, isto é, professores e alunos. Só mais tarde o termo viria a significar uma instituição de ensino onde essas atividades ocorriam. Tal designação já aponta para a tarefa que pessoas diferentes tinham em comum: a busca da verdade em meio à pluralidade de compreensões. Esse alvo requeria uma síntese das diferentes visões e compreensões de mundo, um campo integrado que desse sentido aos mais diversos saberes. O princípio subjacente à criação das universidades, portanto, era a procura das verdades universais que pudessem unir as diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Daí o nome “universidade”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando as universidades medievais surgiram, a cosmovisão cristã que dominava a Europa fornecia os pressupostos para essa busca da unidade do conhecimento. Hoje, a visão cristã de mundo é excluída a priori em muitas universidades modernas pelos pressupostos naturalistas, humanísticos e racionalistas que passaram a dominar o ambiente acadêmico depois do Iluminismo. Tais pressupostos não têm conseguido até o presente suprir uma base comum para as diferentes áreas do saber. A fragmentação do conhecimento tem sido um resultado constante na Academia, como se as diferentes disciplinas tratassem com mundos distintos e contraditórios. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lamentavelmente, hoje, muitas universidades viraram multiversidades ou diversidades, abandonando a busca de um todo coerente, de uma cosmovisão que dê sentido e relacionamento harmônico a todos os campos de conhecimento. Esse fenômeno se verifica primariamente na área das ciências humanas; todavia, nem mesmo a área das exatas lhe é totalmente imune, como testemunham as diversas percepções, por vezes conflitantes entre si, na matemática, física e química. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conforme Allan Harman escreve:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As universidades em geral não mais possuem um fator integrador. A palavra “universidade” tem a idéia de unidade de conhecimento ou de abordagem. Derivada do latim “universum” refere-se à totalidade ou integração. Claramente o conceito era de que, dentro de uma universidade, havia aderência a uma base comum de conhecimento que interligava o ensino em todas as escolas. &lt;br /&gt;Edgar Morin, intelectual francês contemporâneo, percebe corretamente essa fragmentação do conhecimento e da educação nas diversas obras que tem publicado. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para ele,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;... o sistema educativo fragmenta a realidade, simplifica o complexo, separa o que é inseparável, ignora a multiplicidade e a diversidade... As disciplinas como estão estruturadas só servem para isolar os objetos do seu meio e isolar partes de um todo. Eliminam a desordem e as contradições existentes, para dar uma falsa sensação de arrumação. A educação deveria romper com isso mostrando as correlações entre os saberes, a complexidade da vida e dos problemas que hoje existem. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2) Entendendo a Pluralidade&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É evidente que existe uma grande pluralidade ou diversidade no mundo. A criação de Deus é plural, a humanidade feita à imagem dele é plural, as culturas são plurais, as idéias são plurais. Há uma enorme e fascinante diversidade na realidade que nos cerca. Para nós, essa impressionante variedade da existência revela a riqueza, o poder e a criatividade de Deus, conforme a Bíblia registra no Salmo 104.24,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Que variedade, Senhor, nas tuas obras! &lt;br /&gt;Todas com sabedoria as fizeste; &lt;br /&gt;cheia está a terra das tuas riquezas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tal entendimento em nada compromete nossa busca na academia por verdades absolutas e universais. As dificuldades surgem quando se confunde pluralidade com relativismo radical e absoluto. Esse último nega os conceitos de unidade, igualdade, harmonia e coerência que existem no mundo, entre idéias, pessoas e culturas. O relativismo total pretende desconstruir o princípio implícito de verdade absoluta, de valores, conceitos e idéias que sejam válidos em qualquer lugar e a qualquer tempo. Nesse sentido, a pluralidade se confunde com o relativismo que domina a mentalidade contemporânea, sendo entendida como a convivência de idéias e concepções contraditórias que devem ser igualmente aceitas, sem o crivo do exame da veracidade e sem que uma prevaleça sobre a outra, visto serem consideradas todas verdadeiras. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para nós, que somos uma Universidade que se orienta por um conjunto de fundamentos – no caso, a fé cristã reformada –, a pluralidade, entendida como diversidade, é muito bem-vinda. A enorme variedade que caracteriza nosso mundo não anula de forma alguma a existência de verdades gerais e universais. Quando, todavia, a pluralidade é entendida como relativismo total ou sistema de contradições igualmente válidas, precisamos analisar o assunto com mais cuidado. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3) Desafios da Pluralidade &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O relativismo absoluto gera diversos problemas de natureza prática, como, por exemplo, a dificuldade de se viver o dia a dia de forma coerente com a crença de que tudo é relativo. Mesmo os relativistas mais radicais são obrigados a capitular diante da inexorável realidade: a vida só pode ser organizada e levada à frente com base em princípios, valores e leis universais que sejam observados e reconhecidos por todos. Concordamos com Edgar Morin quanto à sua percepção da complexidade da vida e da existência . Todavia, entendemos que o reconhecimento de que todas as áreas de atividades e conhecimento são complexamente interligadas reflete um propósito unificado e uma origem única, apontando para o Criador. É evidente que essa interligação das partes com o todo, e vice-versa reforça a possibilidade de se buscar princípios e valores universais que permeiam e regulam o universo de conexões e aderências. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dificilmente o ser humano consegue conviver em paz com o relativismo absoluto. Existe uma busca interior em cada indivíduo por coerência, síntese e unidade de pensamento, sem o que não se pode encontrar sentido na realidade, um lugar no mundo e nem mesmo saber por onde caminhar. Acreditamos que este ímpeto é decorrente da imagem de Deus no homem, um Deus de ordem, de propósitos, coerente e completo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para muitos, o ideal do pluralismo de idéias no ensino significa simplesmente que a Universidade deveria ser o local neutro onde todas as idéias e seus contraditórios tivessem igualdade de expressão, cabendo aos alunos uma escolha, ou não, daquelas que lhe parecerem mais corretas. Todavia, conforme bem escreveu Robert P. Wolff, a neutralidade da Universidade diante dos valores é um mito. É inevitável o posicionamento ideológico diante das questões da vida e do conhecimento. Esse ponto é inclusive reconhecido, ainda que timidamente, pela Lei de Diretrizes e Bases, quando define as universidades confessionais como aquelas que “atendem a orientação confessional e ideologia específicas.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4) Verdade&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As universidades de orientação confessional cristã há muito têm procurado desenvolver um modelo acadêmico em que a busca da verdade seja feita a partir da visão de mundo cristã em constante diálogo com a pluralidade de idéias e com a diversidade de visões e entendimentos. Não é tarefa fácil diante do mundo pluralista em que vivemos, a ponto de que alguns têm defendido que as próprias universidades confessionais desistam desse ideal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diante do quadro de fragmentação do saber e do relativismo que domina, em várias instâncias, a mentalidade universitária, afirmamos a existência, a realidade e a importância da verdade, de conceitos que são universalmente válidos em todas as áreas do conhecimento e da vida. Aqui, afirmamos as seguintes “verdades sobre a verdade": &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. A verdade é descoberta e não inventada. Ela existe independentemente do conhecimento que uma pessoa tenha dela. Ela existe fora de nós e não somente dentro de nós. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. A verdade é transcultural. Se algo é verdadeiro, será verdadeiro em todas as culturas e tempos, ainda que sua expressão possa variar de acordo com o ambiente vivencial das pessoas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. A verdade é imutável, embora a nossa crença sobre ela possa mudar. Ela permanece a mesma, o que é relativo é nossa percepção dela. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. As crenças das pessoas não podem mudar a verdade, por mais honestas e sérias que sejam. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. A verdade não é afetada pela atitude de quem a professa ou de quem a nega. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusão &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reconhecemos a diversidade e a complexidade das idéias, conceitos, costumes e valores existentes. Questionamos, todavia, que a pluralidade implica na total relativização da verdade. Afirmamos a existência de idéias e valores absolutos, princípios e verdades espirituais, éticas, morais, epistemológicas universais. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cremos que o Cristianismo bíblico fornece o fundamento para a compreensão da realidade como um todo coerente, sempre levando em conta a fabulosa variedade da existência humana. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Encorajamos os alunos, os professores e o pessoal administrativo do Mackenzie a refletir sobre o fato de que a pluralidade, entendida como saudável diversidade, dentro de referenciais e sem a negação da verdade, enriquece o conhecimento humano e leva à melhor percepção de nós mesmos, de nosso mundo e de nosso Criador. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Rev. Dr. Augustus Nicodemus Lopes&lt;br /&gt;Chanceler da Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mackenzie.br/ano2007000.html"&gt;FONTE: http://www.mackenzie.br/ano2007000.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com"&gt;Prof. Luis Cavalcante - http://luis-cavalcante.blogspot.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-645082754929834433?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/645082754929834433/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/02/calvino-e-educacao.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/645082754929834433'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/645082754929834433'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/02/calvino-e-educacao.html' title='CALVINO E A EDUCAÇÃO'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SaCCg0CcGaI/AAAAAAAAAQc/hJuf7SNqeTQ/s72-c/Calvino+e+a+Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+-+Carta+de+Princ%C3%ADpios+2009.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-2984623356287158868</id><published>2009-01-31T20:18:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-31T20:18:54.164-08:00</updated><title type='text'>SALOMÃO PEDE SABEDORIA...</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SYT-sYwyh8I/AAAAAAAAAQA/vj72GKLzbUU/s1600-h/salom%C3%A3o+4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 85px; height: 113px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SYT-sYwyh8I/AAAAAAAAAQA/vj72GKLzbUU/s400/salom%C3%A3o+4.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5297639100209334210" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href="http://sabedoriaverdadeira.blogspot.com/2009/01/salomao-pede-sabedoria.html"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;SALOMÃO PEDE SABEDORIA...&lt;br /&gt;http://sabedoriaverdadeira.blogspot.com/2009/01/salomao-pede-sabedoria.html&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-2984623356287158868?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/2984623356287158868/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/salomao-pede-sabedoria.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2984623356287158868'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2984623356287158868'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/salomao-pede-sabedoria.html' title='SALOMÃO PEDE SABEDORIA...'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SYT-sYwyh8I/AAAAAAAAAQA/vj72GKLzbUU/s72-c/salom%C3%A3o+4.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-609935394294066959</id><published>2009-01-23T09:42:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-23T09:58:51.031-08:00</updated><title type='text'>SUMÁRIO DA FILOSOFIA COSMONÔMICA - Uma Introdução na Perspectiva da Tecnologia da Informação pelo Prof. Dr. Andrew Basden</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXoCQB6BkxI/AAAAAAAAAOs/Q7CygWZRfvI/s1600-h/Prof.+Guilherme+e+Dr.+Andrew+Basden.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 118px; height: 89px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXoCQB6BkxI/AAAAAAAAAOs/Q7CygWZRfvI/s400/Prof.+Guilherme+e+Dr.+Andrew+Basden.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294546786340410130" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Traduzido com permissão por Guilherme Carvalho&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este sumário foi elaborado originalmente com relevância especial para a Tecnologia da Informação. Atualmente está sendo reescrito para ser um resumo mais geral.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um Resumo das Principais Idéias de Dooyeweerd&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todos nós fazemos suposições sobre a natureza de coisas; alguns chamam isso de "cosmovisão" ('Weltanschauung'). Nossa cosmovisão nasce das mais profundas pressuposições que nós mantemos sobre a natureza de realidade em si, pressuposições que juntas denominamos "motivo-base" (Ground-Motive). Boa parte do pensamento, da ação, e do modo de vida Ocidental moderno como um todo se apoia no motivo-base “Determinismo/Liberdade”, ou “natureza/liberdade”: as coisas são vistas, ou como determinadas ou como livres, nunca como ambas ao mesmo tempo. Tal motivo-base é dualístico em natureza: ele lança uma realidade contra a outra como se fossem opostos irreconciliáveis. Em tecnologia da informação, por exemplo, este dualismo gerou dois campos principais: os racionalistas e o interpretivistas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Obviamente, na vida real, nós encontramos tanto fenômenos determinísticos como fenômenos não determinísticos; assim eles não podem ser completamente irreconciliáveis. Esse fato perturbou o filósofo da metade do século XX, Herman Dooyeweerd, e ele se determinou a chegar até o fundo da questão. Retornou assim às raízes de nosso pensamento, e à diferença entre os pensamentos grego e hebreu. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd chegou à conclusão de que o pensamento grego era inescapavelmente dualístico, ainda que alguns filósofos gregos não o fossem; as suposições mais básicas que eles sustentavam inevitavelmente conduziram sua cultura a dualismos e a cavar um abismo na realidade. Uma destas suposições era a de que a Existência ou o “Ser” é a propriedade primária de qualquer coisa que nós experimentamos, suposição que, por seu turno, parte da idéia de que a realidade experimentada por nós é auto-dependente; até mesmo os deuses seriam meramente parte dessa realidade auto-dependente. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Já o pensamento hebreu via a realidade que nós experimentamos como criada por Deus, que está fora dela ainda que interagindo com ela. Isto significou que a propriedade primária de tudo que nós experimentamos é o “Significado”, não “o Ser”. Esta nova interpretação, argumentou Dooyeweerd, mantém todas as coisas integradas sem qualquer dualismo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Essa abordagem não é bem conhecida, mas é certamente interessante - e não só do ponto de vista teórico. Tendo examinado esse sistema por uma década, pareceu-me possível aplicá-lo à tecnologia de informações e sistemas em muitos pontos, bem como aos problemas de sustentabilidade ambiental. Provavelmente, ele poderia ser aplicado a muitas outras coisas. O presente texto é uma breve avaliação do sistema filosófico de Dooyeweerd, do ponto de vista dos Sistemas de Informação. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para uma descrição geral, veja Clouser (1991), e para tratamento teórico completo, Dooyeweerd (1955) e Hart (1984). O sistema foi aplicado ao projeto de Sistemas de Informação por deRaadt (1991, 1994) e Grahn e Bergvall, (1994). A exposição mais clara de sua relevância para o projeto de sistemas é de deRaadt (1994), e a discussão seguinte fará copiosas referências à essa exposição (para maiores informações sobre estes autores, o leitor pode consultar o site de Andrew Basden. Ele pode ser encontrado em “Links”, neste site).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Duas dimensões&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Existem dois 'lados' na realidade como nós a conhecemos: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lado de Lei &lt;br /&gt;Lado de Entidade &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O Lado de Entidade envolve as coisas, sistemas, e de fato tudo o consideramos como uma “coisa” existente: por exemplo você, eu, a calota polar, uma rosa, um governo, uma sinfonia, um programa de computador. O Lado de Lei envolve as modalidades em que as entidades operam. Por exemplo: a modalidade física, a social, a biótica, a ética, a técnica, a estética. Os dois lados podem ser vistos como ortogonais: uma única entidade cruza várias modalidades, e uma única modalidade cruza várias entidades. Dooyeweerd traçou uma distinção clara entre os dois lados e definiu as relações entre eles. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Imediatamente nós vemos aqui um abandono do pensamento grego, que nós tendemos a sustentar até hoje, e que deu prioridade ao o Lado de Entidade. O pensamento centrado nas entidades postula que as leis são meramente resultados de entidades (caso elas de fato existam!), e que não pode haver nenhuma lei sem entidades. Ou seja, as “regularidades” ou “universais” que percebemos nas entidades são “propriedades” dessas entidades. Para ilustrar: de onde vêm as leis e normas sociais? Resposta: eles surgem meramente da operação, propriedades e necessidades das entidades que formam o grupo, sob as pressões de seu meio ambiente, ao longo das enormes escalas de tempo evolucionárias. Em um ambiente diferente, ou com tipos diferentes de entidades, as leis sociais poderiam ter se formado diferentemente. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd põe isso tudo de cabeça para baixo: as leis não são meros resultados das entidades, mas permanecem distintas das entidades não podendo haver nenhuma entidade sem leis. Uma diferença confusa? Talvez, mas com significado enorme, embora sutil. De onde vêm as leis sociais? Resposta: elas são dadas externamente, devendo ser descobertas. Outras normas e leis sociais poderiam ter surgido em outros contextos ou com tipos diferentes de entidades? Não necessariamente, embora o aspecto social em si possa ser 'parametrizado' conforme o contexto. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd não nega a importância das entidades; somente afirma que existe uma diferença entre o pensamento comum e o pensamento científico no que se relaciona aos dois lados. No pensamento comum as entidades permanecem em evidência, como elas são, enquanto que o Lado de Lei fica ao fundo, implícito; já na ciência o Lado de Lei fica em evidência enquanto as entidades retrocedem. Isto é, quando nós analisamos cientificamente a realidade nós estudamos o Lado de Lei, não o comportamento das entidades. É o Lado de Lei que expressa o Significado fundamental, e é o Lado de Lei que habilita entidades a “existir”. O pensamento centrado em entidades assume que as entidades devem ser focalizadas tanto no pensamento comum como no pensamento científico, supondo que ciência deve necessariamente ter o mesmo ponto de partida do pensamento comum, da vida diária.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Significado e Existência&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como foi mencionado acima, o enfoque em modalidades reflete uma mudança radical no pensamento de Dooyeweerd, substituindo a suposição de 2,000 anos de idade de que a Existência é a propriedade fundamental das coisas, por uma que toma o Significado como a propriedade fundamental. Dessa noção aparentemente abstrata nascem importantes considerações.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Coisas, Entidades e Sistemas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porém, a Existência não está sendo negada. Antes, é vista como essencialmente dependente e limitada pelo sentido. Dooyeweerd fala de 'estruturas de individualidade' que operam dentro da estrutura maior ("framework") de Significado das modalidades; essas estruturas podem ser vistas como 'coisas ' ou 'entidades '. de Raadt aplica este pensamento ao desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Informações, e compara o 'sistema' com a 'estrutura de individualidade' de Dooyeweerd. Ele distingue entre sistemas naturais (coisas) como pedras, plantas, animais e seres humanos, e sistemas projetados (coisas) como hospitais ou famílias. Há também entidades passageiras (coisas) que são, como nós veremos, o resultado de seres humanos fazendo distinções e traçando limites. O ambiente e sociedade não são entidades da mesma maneira, exceto no último sentido. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entidades (sistemas, coisas) podem funcionar de diferentes modos; se a entidade é uma pessoa, seu funcionamento pode incluir conhecimento, ação, crença, amor, comunicação, adoração, etc. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Relação Sujeito-Objeto&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entidades funcionam como sujeitos e também como objetos. Um sujeito é um originador da ação enquanto um objeto é um recipiente da ação; um é ativo e o outro é passivo, se você preferir (embora essa explicação possa ser um pouco enganosa). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tome o planejamento urbano, por exemplo; nós temos o ambiente urbano, pessoas que vivem nele, pessoas que trabalham nele, planejadores, animais, plantas, etc. Qual é o sujeito ativo e o objeto (passivo)? Hart (1984), em sua elaboração da abordagem inovadora de Dooyeweerd ao assunto, diferencia entre dois significados possíveis de 'sujeito' (ou 'subjetivo'): ser sujeito a leis e normas, e ser um centro de ação e volição (como é o caso do sujeito de um verbo numa oração). A tendência comum de opôr sentimentos 'subjetivos' e valores a fatos 'objetivos' vem do segundo significado de sujeito (centro de ação) quando ele é divorciado do primeiro (ser sujeito a leis). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas, como Hart mostra, os dois significados de 'sujeito' estão inseparavelmente ligados em Dooyeweerd. Um sujeito age porque ele (seja pessoa ou coisa) é sujeito a leis e normas, não apesar delas. (A concepção do Dooyeweerd de leis ou normas não é de um constrangimento rígido nem de generalização abstrata, como geralmente encontramos no pensamento convencional, mas de algo que habilita a ação e orienta à ação. São estas leis que fazem qualquer ação possível; daí o termo 'Cosmonômica' que ele escolheu para sua filosofia. Esta é uma área em que o pensamento de Dooyeweerd é ortogonal em relação debate tradicional, mas nós não exploraremos isto aqui.). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dado um certo sujeito conhecedor e agente, existe também um objeto conhecido e sofredor da ação, e ainda um conhecer e um agir. Na elaboração de um projeto ambiental o objeto é o próprio ambiente construído, incluindo as edificações, tráfego, economia, populações, etc. E os sujeitos? Os sujeitos são os projetistas, as pessoas que vivem no ambiente construído, as pessoas que trabalham lá, etc (notem a diferença entre população como um objeto e as pessoas que agem e os sujeitos do conhecimento). Eles são sujeitos às leis de vários aspectos, discutidos abaixo. Também os animais, plantas, edifícios, etc. são sujeitos, mas operam como tais dentro de conjuntos de leis mais limitados. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;É visível que muitos dos problemas de sustentabilidade que nós enfrentamos emanam diretamente da separação artificial (embora desde há muito louvada) entre sujeito e objeto. Dois veios principais de pensamento filosófico nos últimos 500 anos - realismo e nominalismo- tem enfatizado um ou o outro, e estes dois estão dentro de um período mais longo (3000 anos) na análise do pensamento teórico de Dooyeweerd. &lt;br /&gt;(Temos aqui talvez sombras da naturphilosophie de Goethe: nós somos parte de natureza, não observadores separados.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Modalidades (Aspectos)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As modalidades podem ser vistas como a estrutura básica de Significado na qual todos os sistemas operam e recebem seu significado individual. Elas são freqüentemente chamadas de Aspectos ou Esferas Modais. Quinze modalidades foram identificadas: numérica, espacial, cinemática, física, biótica, sensitiva, analítica, histórica, linguística, social, econômica, estética, jurídica, ética e credal. Cada modalidade tem um núcleo que a torna significante e fornece seu “raio”, como se pode ver na tabela 1. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os nomes das modalidades e seus os núcleos têm um significado um pouco especializado, e alguns deles são elucidados em de Raadt (1994). De interesse particular para o trabalho em Sistemas de Informação são as modalidades analítica, histórica e linguística. A modalidade analítica incorpora a lógica e a representação. A modalidade formativa foi chamada 'histórica', 'cultural ' ou 'técnica ' em vários momentos por Dooyeweerd, e envolve a atividade tecnológica e cultural, mas nós nos referiremos para ela como a modalidade formativa. Desde que muitas vezes em Sistemas de Informação se exige a interpretação de símbolos, a modalidade linguística está fortemente envolvida nessa atividade; por estas razões, de Raadt denomina esta como a modalidade 'informatória'. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aspecto /Núcleo &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Numérico /Quantidade Discreta &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Espacial /Extensão Contínua &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cinemático /Movimento &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Físico /Energia e Matéria &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biótico /Vida e Vitalidade &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sensitivo /Sensações &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Analítico /Distinção &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Formativo /Poder Formativo &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Linguístico /Representação Simbólica &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Social /Intercurso Social &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Econômico /Frugalidade &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Estético /Harmonia &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jurídico /O que deve ser feito &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ético Amor /(auto-doação) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Credal /Fé e Visão &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Elevação de um Aspecto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A humanidade tende a elevar certos aspectos, um em uma era e cultura, outro em outra. Essa elevação conduz a distorções, como nós podemos ver abaixo. Dooyeweerd chamou isto de absolutização; trata-se de uma forma extrema de elevação que implica, se não o diz explicitamente, que o aspecto escolhido é o único que realmente importa, ou realmente existe. Isso leva a diferentes tipos de reducionismo. &lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd investigou a elevação de dois aspectos em particular - analíticos e formativos. A absolutização do aspecto analítico deu a nós o racionalismo. Crucialmente, o aspecto analítico é central para a ciência e todo pensamento teórico; nós fazemos distinções para classificar, clarificar e para discutir. Para fazer estas coisas nós devemos fazer uma distinção clara entre o aspecto de interesse e todos os outros, isolando este e suas leis próprias dos outros. Por exemplo: em um tubo de ensaio só leis físicas estão sendo estudadas, e as econômicas, sociais, éticas etc. são filtradas (elas devem é claro ser examinadas uma vez nós tenhamos descoberto as leis físicas). A razão tem também uma distinção em seu centro. A razão e ciência se provaram muito poderosas, não tanto porque eles removeram o interesse pessoal da cena. Mas algumas pessoas viram nela uma salvação da religião corrupta e do feudalismo e começaram a elevá-la. Então este aspecto se tornou absolutizado, levando ao racionalismo. O todo de realidade deve então ser sujeito à e à Razão e Ciência; se não, não é nenhuma realidade. Desde que fatores humanos pessoais são removidos, a realidade é vista através de óculos de racionalismo se torna despersonalizada e dura. Toda verdade é racional na natureza. &lt;br /&gt;A absolutização do aspecto formativo (Dooyeweerd nesse ponto chama o aspecto de Histórico ou Cultural) dá a nós os vários tipos de historicismo, do qual construtivismo é uma manifestação. O historicismo pode ser visto como uma antítese do racionalismo despersonalizado; ele enfatiza a criatividade humana e a construção. Não existe nenhuma verdade; toda verdade é construída. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mas outros aspectos também podem ser elevados ou absolutizados. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Leis modais&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cada modalidade é governada por seu próprio conjunto de leis, sua própria ordem. Deste modo nós temos as leis do aspecto quantitativo, que constituem boa parte (não tudo) da matemática. Nós temos leis do aspecto físico, que são físicas e químicas. As leis do aspecto analítico incluem aqueles que nos habilitam a fazer distinções e raciocinar. As leis do aspecto linguístico são aquelas da boa comunicação. &lt;br /&gt;Nota: a ênfase no Lado de Lei do cosmo explica o bastante desajeitado nome 'Cosmonômica' que foi dado a este sistema de filosofia. De fato, a lei é vista como o limite entre Deus e o Cosmos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Descrições Aspectuais&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cada cultura humana tem conceitos distintos, focaliza os aspectos que acha importante e desenvolve vocabulários e linguagens para eles; quanto mais importante é o aspecto, mais rico é esse 'vocabulário' (com algumas culturas sendo multi-aspectuais). Assim cada aspecto pode nos fornecer um modo distinto de descrever uma entidade ou situação. Por exemplo, eu posso ser descrito bioticamente como um corpo com funções vitais, psico-sensitivamente como um processador de informações, analiticamente como um raciocinador, formativamente como orientado para um propósito, juridicamente em termos de direitos e responsabilidades, eticamente como alguém que precisa amar e ser amado, e assim por diante, até um total de quinze tipos possíveis de descrição da entidade. Cada descrição pode fazer sentido de forma completa e independente, sem qualquer necessidade de se reportar a outras. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Paradoxo e Antinomia&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porque os aspectos são irredutíveis um ao outro, assuntos e conceitos de um aspecto não podem ser descritos significativamente do ponto de vista de outro aspecto. Tentar fazer isso leva freqüentemente ao paradoxo. Reciprocamente, quando nós encontrarmos um paradoxo, isso é uma indicação clara de que nós estamos tentando falar em termos do aspecto errado. Por exemplo: "o investimento em tecnologia de informações continuamente aumenta, mas o retorno real destes investimentos permanece baixo." A declaração anterior foi feita em conceitos e terminologia do aspecto econômico, e parece ser um paradoxo. Mas se nós pensarmos sobre o "investimento" como um compromisso pístico à Tecnologia da Informação, o paradoxo desaparece. Para um exemplo no qual nós analisamos cinco paradoxos deste modo, veja minha carta a Leslie Willcocks. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A antinomia é até mais profunda que o paradoxo, uma coisa que nem mesmo pode ser explicada pelo pensamento teórico. Dooyeweerd estava particularmente interessado na antinomia, e sustentou que este seria um meio de distinguir os aspectos uns dos outros, e determinar se um aspecto 'candidato' é um aspecto verdadeiro ou não. A antinomia surge quando nós conflacionamos dois aspectos, isto é tentamos fundi-los. O exemplo famoso é a história da Lebre e da Tartaruga. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ontologia Irredutível&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As leis destas quinze modalidades são irredutíveis uma à outra. Isto é, o núcleo e as leis de uma modalidade não podem ser completamente explicados em termos daqueles de outras modalidades; deste modo a aproximação multi-modal não é reducionista. Dooyeweerd chama isso de 'soberania de esfera '. As leis de uma modalidade não são propriedades emergentes, e em particular não são 'socialmente construídas ' (embora o conhecimento dessas leis o possa ser). Isso dá à abordagem multi-aspectual, no campo dos Sistemas de Informação, um sabor completamente diferente daquelas abordagens interpretivistas como as de Hirscheim e Klein (1989), Vickers (1983), embora ela concorde com eles em que a interpretação e a construção humana são fatores reais e importantes. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dependência Inter-Aspectual&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porém, os aspectos não são um conjunto mas uma lista: existe uma ordem definida entre eles. As leis dos aspectos mais posteriores dependem de, e fazem uso das leis dos aspectos anteriores. Por exemplo, leis físicas exigem e pressupõem leis espaciais. Leis bióticas pressupõem as leis físicas. E assim por diante. É parte de gênio de Dooyeweerd a descoberta desta ordenação e dependência. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Analogia inter-aspectual&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Há um outro tipo de relação entre os aspectos: a analogia. Cada aspecto traz dentro de si ecos de todos o outros. Por exemplo, o sentimento é próprio do aspecto sensível, mas alguém pode ter um sentimento de justiça, um sentimento de amor, um sentimento pela correção lógica, e assim por diante. Igualmente, a causalidade é própria do aspecto físico, mas nós encontramos ecos dela em outros aspectos, como os vínculos lógicos ou o ato de retribuição em casos de justiça ou injustiça. &lt;br /&gt;É esta relação analógica que faz metáfora possível. Nossa habilidade de ver semelhanças e comunicá-las não é devida meramente ao emparelhamento forçado de certo padrão indefinido a um algoritmo prévio do cérebro; antes a atividade de tal algoritmo (caso ele seja mesmo um algoritmo) apóia-se em e pressupõe essa relação analógica entre os aspectos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As relações analógicas podem acontecer tanto para aspectos mais posteriores como para os mais anteriores, e são chamadas 'retrocipações ' e 'antecipações '. Por exemplo, o tema da conotação social em pragmática lingüística antecipa o aspecto social. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Normatividade e Determinatividade&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No entanto as leis não são todas do mesmo tipo. Aquelas dos aspectos anteriores (numéricos, espaciais, etc.) são principalmente determinativas em natureza, mas aquelas de aspectos mais posteriores são largamente normativas. Existe uma progressão de determinativas até leis normativas como nós movemos para as modalidades mais velhas (ético, credal). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As leis normativas podem ser transgredidas; nós podemos decidir ser rudes para com as pessoas ou falar tolices, ou recusar a justiça. Mas elas não podem nunca ser postas de lado. Isto é, elas sempre valem, ainda que nós as ignoremos ou as rejeitemos; e os resultados se seguirão. Essa é a base de abordagem de Dooyeweerd ao sucesso e fracasso. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Temos uma página onde discutimos a normatividade com mais detalhes. &lt;br /&gt;Voltemos às entidades: a função das entidades em e através dos aspectos/modalidades. Por exemplo, enquanto estou escrevendo este texto eu estou funcionando: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;linguisticamente, mas também: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;analiticamente, tentando decidir o que dizer e o que omitir, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;formativamente, formando o texto, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;socialmente, tentando ser cortês em lugar de rude em minha escrita, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;economicamente, tentando (malogradamente?) para evitar a prolixidade, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;juridicamente, tentando dar a você o que é devido em uma comunicação deste tipo, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e assim por diante. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eu estou funcionando também: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;bioticamente, em minhas funções vitais que operam à medida que eu escrevo, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;fisicamente, pressionando as teclas, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;e espacialmente, posicionando-me próximo ao computador. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A proposta de Dooyeweerd sobre entidades é de que em tudo o que nós fazemos na vida real nós funcionamos através de todos os aspectos do Lado-de Lei da realidade. Kalsbeek (1975) mostrou como exemplo que um vôo espacial tripulado envolve todos os aspectos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clouser (1992) esboçou três tipos de funcionamento - comum (pré- teorético ou 'ingênuo'), baixa abstração, e alta abstração. A última é central para a ciência. &lt;br /&gt;Para uma explicação desse ponto e uma discussão mais profunda desses assuntos, veja a página sobre "Funcionamento". &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nós funcionamos tanto como sujeito ou como objeto em cada aspecto. Isto é, eu posso empurrar algo (atuando como sujeito no aspecto físico) ou ser empurrado (como um objeto no aspecto físico). Eu posso fazer um orçamento (sujeito no aspecto econômico) e eu posso ser parte de um orçamento (objeto no aspecto econômico). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mais sobre a Relação Sujeito-Objeto&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A relação sujeito-objeto é muito importante no pensamento de Dooyeweerd, e assume um sabor incomum por ser arraigado no Lado de Lei em lugar de meramente no Lado de Entidade. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isso coloca juntos os três significados aparentemente separados na língua portuguesa do termo 'sujeito': &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sujeito-1, como sujeito a certas leis, condições ou autoridade, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sujeito-2, como o agente de um verbo em uma oração, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subjetivo, como pessoal, privado, arbitrário. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No esquema de Dooyeweerd, eles se fundem. O sujeito-1 é o conceito fundamental: Eu, uma entidade, sou sujeito às leis dos aspectos. Mas, diferentemente do pensamento Ocidental, em que leis e condições são vistas como constrangendo nossa liberdade, no esquema de Dooyeweerd, as leis nos habilitam para funcionar. Então, quando eu sou sujeito às leis físicas eu posso agir como sujeito físico-2; Eu posso empurrar. Deste modo o funcionamento como sujeito-2 em um aspecto é tornado possível sendo sujeito-1 para suas leis. Agora, dado que em aspectos posteriores algumas das leis são normativas em lugar de determinativas, se eu funciono como sujeito-2 em um aspecto, sendo sujeito-1 para as leis daquele aspecto, e aquele aspecto é normativo, então minha resposta àquelas leis é pessoal, única para mim mesmo. Isto é, nós podemos chamar isto uma resposta subjetiva. Assim, para resumir: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;leis aspectuais habilitam em lugar de constranger. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ser sujeito-1 para determinadas leis aspectuais torna possível funcionar como sujeito-2. Ao fazer assim eu respondo àquelas aquelas leis. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em aspectos normativos, minha resposta não é determinada mas é pessoal para mim; conseqüentemente é subjetiva. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nós retornaremos à relação sujeito-objeto mais tarde, quando nós discutirmos as diferenças entre realismo e nominalismo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reinos de Entidades&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Algumas entidades podem funcionar como sujeitos somente em algum dos aspectos anteriores. Por exemplo, uma ovelha pode ser um sujeito biótico, mas somente pode ser objeto no aspecto econômico. O aspecto mais posterior em que uma entidade pode funcionar como sujeito é útil para classificar entidades em quatro reino principais: inertes, plantas, animais, humanos - embora os limites sejam provavelmente incertos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Tudo é Interconectado&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O pensamento Ocidental tradicional, baseado em idéias gregas, enfatiza a entidade, como independente em sua existência. Já o pensamento Oriental nega a entidade, buscando ver tudo como uma gota em um oceano, sem qualquer existência separada. Dooyeweerd enfatiza os relacionamentos e as interconexões. Ele reconhece (alguns tipos de) entidades como seres separados, mas enfatiza sua dependência em lugar de sua independência. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pensamento Ocidental &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entidades independentes &lt;br /&gt;Competição &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pensamento Oriental &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Negação de entidades &lt;br /&gt;Inatividade &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pensamento de Dooyeweerd &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Entidades em relação &lt;br /&gt;Ação Responsável &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A dependência última está em Deus, o Criador que é também Amante e Redentor, e isto é fundamental. Esse Divino é tão fundamental que Ele o inscreveu no tecido de sua Criação em termos de inter-dependência ou, como muitos agora chamam isto, de interconectividade. Nós todos estamos presos dentro da rede de Significado que são os aspectos modais em que funcionamos. Nós não somente existimos; nós nos relacionamos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Existem dois tipos de relação. Existe o tipo que nós formamos por nossa própria vontade - por exemplo; eu estou me comunicando com você enquanto você lê isto - mas estes relacionamentos são passageiros e contingentes. Existe ainda o tipo de relacionamento que é necessário, necessário para a existência inteira e completa - por exemplo, um caracol e sua concha; nem um é completo sem o outro. Dooyeweerd estava intensamente interessado nos tipos de relação necessária. Por exemplo, existem as relações sujeito-objeto que nós discutimos, e existem relações parte-todo (meu braço é parte de mim). Mas existe também um terceiro tipo que parece ser especial para o pensamento Dooyeweerdiano: a enkapsis. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Relações Enkápticas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Considere uma estátua feita a partir de um bloco de mármore, e pondere as perguntas seguintes: Desde que o escultor começa a esculpir o mármore, em que ponto o objeto cessa de ser um bloco de mármore e se torna uma estátua? Se a estátua final é tanto o mármore como a estátua, qual é a relação entre o mármore e a estátua? - não parece totalmente correto dizer que o mármore é parte da estátua. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A teoria de Dooyeweerd, especialmente o de modalidade principal, permite que nós pensemos no mármore e na estátua como duas coisas distintas, mas necessaria e intimamente ligadas pela enkapse. O mármore é ainda mármore, qualificado pelo aspecto físico; a estátua é estátua, qualificada pelo aspecto estético. Duas estruturas de individualidade distintas, mas com uma relação enkáptica entre eles. 'Enkapse' era um termo que Dooyeweerd tirou de um biólogo suíço e modificou ligeiramente. Dooyeweerd discute vários tipos de enkapse: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enkapse Fundamental (mármore - estátua) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enkapse Sujeito-Objeto (caracol - concha) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enkapse Simbiótica ( trevo - bactéria fixadora de nitrogênio) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enkapse Correlativa (comunidade - pessoa) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enkapse Territorial (cidade - sua universidade) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para alguns as relações acima poderiam parecer relações parte-todo, mas Dooyeweerd destaca que essas relações ocorrem quando a parte não tem nenhum significado separadamente de seu inteiro (como com meu braço), enquanto nas relações enkápticas existe um grau de independência significante. Em tecnologia de informações o computador e seu programa tem uma relação enkáptica - realmente, mais de uma. &lt;br /&gt;A idéia de enkapse é tão estranha para o pensamento normal que pode ser difícil a princípio ver seu significado, mas ele é umas idéias que 'crescem em você ', e eventualmente você fica pensando em como pôde alguma vez trabalhar sem isto. &lt;br /&gt;Uma boa explicação da enkapse pode ser achada em capítulos 35-37 do livro de Kalsbeek. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Ciência e o Desenvolvimento do Pensamento&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Abertura Modal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cada modalidade tem um potencial que deve ser 'aberto ' pela exploração humana das ordens modais. Em sociedades primitivas, por exemplo, tais modalidades como as legais estão ainda fechadas e deste modo existem ainda de uma forma indiferenciada. Um exemplo do processo de abertura pode ser visto nas modalidades física e biótica durante a atividade científica ds últimos séculos. O desenvolvimento dos Sistemas de Informação parece ser um outro caminho de abertura. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A ciência e o funcionamento comum&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um de interesses de Dooyeweerd era a relação entre o pensamento teorético e o pensamento e funcionamento comum, 'pré-teorético'. Uma importante contribuição sua foi mostrar como os dois cooperam, reunindo assim dois mil anos de separação. Baseando-se em Dooyeweerd, Clouser (1991) faz uma distinção entre três tipos de funcionamento humano. Na vida diária nós funcionamos em todas as modalidades, sem pensar sobre elas explicitamente (aqui há ligações com o conhecimento tácito como discutido por Polanyi, 1967). Às vezes, porém, nós focamos nossa atenção em uma modalidade única de nosso funcionamento, como a física da bola que nós estamos lançando; Clouser denomina isto baixa abstração. Quanto à atividade científica, ele a denomina alta abstração. Na alta abstração nós não só focamos uma modalidade única mas isolamos essa modalidade de todas as outras para que possamos estudá-la e descobrir suas leis. Assim, cada modalidade tem sua própria ciência e metodologia. &lt;br /&gt;Temos uma discussão sobre ciência que faz referência particular ao trabalho de Thomas Kuhn. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pesquisa sobre Aplicações Práticas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tem sido freqüentemente assumido que a pesquisa em sistemas de informação tem como fim o aperfeiçoamento tecnológico, e que questões de aplicação são meras 'praticalidades'. Foram realizadas pesquisas sobre metodologias de desenvolvimento, e sobre aspectos psicológicos e sociológico do uso, mas pouca pesquisa sobre a aplicação como tal, em toda sua riqueza. Assim aqueles envolvidos com a aplicação prática mas com pouca orientação que seja baseada em boas teorias de bons pesquisadores - e seus fundos de pesquisa cuidadosamente reconsiderados! - não vêem temas de aplicação prática como dignos de pesquisa. Esta é uma situação infeliz. A crítica de Dooyeweerd capacita-nos a atribuir valor real à pesquisa de aplicações, mas adverte que ela é de um tipo diferente: multi-modal, empregando no máximo a baixa abstração, em lugar de uni-modal. Isto confirma teoricamente o que está sendo visto na prática: essa pesquisa da ação concreta é um método de pesquisa válido. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ligando o Desenvolvimento à Aplicação&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ao ver o trabalho científico como o isolamento de uma modalidade, nós começamos a entender mais claramente a relação entre a tecnologia e sua aplicação. A exploração e definição de uma certa tecnologia - como a tecnologia da informação - depende do isolamento de uma modalidade: o funcionamento uni-modal. Já o uso de um artefato tecnológico, como um Sistema de Informação específico por exemplo, é uma atividade comum e deste modo depende de um funcionamento multi-modal. E é o desenvolvimento do artefato (o sistema de informação) que liga os dois. Assim, o desenvolvimento e o uso não são vistos como processos essencialmente separados, mas como ligados ao longo do conjunto de modalidades. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tristemente, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de informação vem sendo visto como uma atividade fundamentalmente técnica; deste modo os projetistas tendem a isolar uma modalidade única (deliberadamente ou não), e o resultado é algo totalmente centrado na tecnologia. Mas se o Sistema de Informação é projetado para o uso, o desenvolvimento deve ser multi-modal. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Vida Bem sucedida&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todo funcionamento humano (e o de todas as coisas) é guiado por leis aspectuais, algumas das quais são normativas. Isso significa que nós temos liberdade para ser contrários àquelas leis - mas nunca para pô-las de lado. Todo o nosso funcionamento tem seus resultados. A proposta de Dooyeweerd, baseada na valorização do Lado de Lei, é que se nosso funcionamento é alinhado com as leis aspectuais, o resultado será uma vida saudável, rica, sustentável, mas se nós formos contrários às leis aspectuais, nossas vidas serão doentes e insustentáveis (esta diferença está na essência da palavra hebraica shalom). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Note que os resultados de nosso funcionamento - com ou contra as leis, shalomico ou doente - não afetam somente nós, individualmente, mas também outras entidades ao redor nós. O efeito pode não ser imediato; de fato parece que quanto mais posterior é o aspecto na escala, mais distante está o efeito. Por exemplo, o Comunismo é um declaração pística sobre a natureza das coisas, a humanidade como um todo levou quase um século para reconhecer seus efeitos prejudiciais: só depois de um século podemos dizer em base em experiências que o Comunismo é contrário às leis do aspecto pístico. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um importante caminho no qual uma cultura (ou um gerente de alguma coisa ou até cada um de nós) atua contrariamente a um aspecto é ignorando o aspecto inteiro – simplesmente omitindo-o. Seja não compreendendo sua importância, ou semi-deliberadamente negando sua importância ("Oh, isso é para pés-de-chinelo!"), ou elevando um outro aspecto. O aspecto ignorado continua valendo, porém, e problemas eventualmente emergem da sua omisão. Isto será discutido um pouco mais detalhadamente abaixo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esta visão de sucesso, “shalom”, ou saúde, é uma parte da abordagem de Dooyeweerd para o sucesso e o fracasso aplicável à tecnologia de informações. Também à sustentabilidade ambiental. Veja Lombardi e Basden (1997). É particularmente útil quando lidamos com uma situação interdisciplinar, como as duas citadas acima. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Necessidade modal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma doutrina chave da abordagem de Dooyeweerd à shalom é a necessidade modal. A necessidade modal é um corolário da irredutibilidade entre as leis de aspectos diferentes. Se as leis do aspecto social, por exemplo, são reduzidas às do aspecto físico, então não haveria necessidade para as primeiras serem explicitamente declaradas. Elas poderiam ser derivadas das posteriores quando fossem necessárias. Mas desde que as leis do aspecto social não são deriváveis daquelas do aspecto físico, se nós atentarmos somente para as leis do aspecto físico iremos transgredir as leis do aspecto social (embora inconscientemente), e deste modo nosso empreendimento será desastroso (um argumento similar se aplica a qualquer par de aspectos). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assim, uma proposição importante da abordagem multi-modal é que se qualquer modalidade é ignorada durante qualquer funcionamento (por exemplo o desenvolvimento e uso de um sistema; como o planejamento de uso da terra e a subsequente ocupação) então a sustentabilidade e sucesso do sistema será arriscado, seja porque o projeto é arquivado antes do que deveria ou porque ele conduz a efeitos danosos imprevistos. Como de Raadt e outros assinalaram, o projeto de sistemas é um processo contínuo, sem um ponto final fixo, porque o uso de um sistema alimenta seu próprio desenvolvimento contínuo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As leis de uma modalidade não são propriedades de emergentes, e em particular não são 'socialmente construídas' (embora o conhecimento sobre suas leis possa ser). Isto dá à aproximação multi-modal ao desenvolvimento de sistemas um sabor completamente diferente de outras como a “Soft Sistems Methodology” de Checkland (1981) e a “MultiView Methodology” de Avison e Wood-Harper (1990). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Levando tudo em Consideração&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um corolário disto é que os aspectos (modalidades) são apresentados como uma ontologia suficiente e necessária para guiar o desenvolvimento de sistemas. Isto é, uma declaração corajosa é feita: estas modalidades, se corretamente entendidas, são as únicas que precisam ser consideradas quando predizemos, planejamos, avaliamos os benefícios, etc. de um sistema. Como nós discutiremos abaixo, isso nos dá uma lista muito útil (e muito rica) para usar ao longo de projetos, desenvolvimento e aplicações. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Agora, esta declaração corajosa deve ser qualificada. Não se pensa que o retrato aqui apresentado é final. As modalidades precisam ser exploradas, e pode acontecer, depois do estudo e consideração necessária, de se chegar a dezessete ou vinte e cinco modalidades em lugar de quinze. Mas o número provavelmente não deve ser muito diferente de quinze. Até que o estudo apropriado seja realizado, os quinze propostos por Dooyeweerd parecem pelo menos ser um bom ponto de partida.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O Uso de Dooyeweerd por De Raadt para o Projeto de Sistemas de Informação&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O Prof. Donald de Raadt (Universidade de Luleå, Suécia) aplicou as idéias de Dooyeweerd para o projeto de sistemas de informação. Algumas das idéias do de Raadt divergem daquelas de Dooyeweerd, mas elas ilustram uma forma de aplicação das idéias de Dooyeweerd. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O Projeto de Sistemas como Transdução&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uma terceira reivindicação da abordagem multi-modal é que enquanto as modalidades são irredutíveis uma à outra, elas são também fundamentalmente inter-relacionadas. Dooyeweerd chama isto 'universalidade das esferas'. Existe uma correspondência entre as ordens de modalidades diferentes (esferas), e isso permite a uma modalidade ser usada como uma representação metafórica de outra. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De Raadt vê isto em termos de um homomorfismo entre as modalidades, formando relações circulares entre elas. Sociedades industrializadas, segundo ele, tem desconsiderado os vínculos circulares entre problemas sociais e sistemas econômicos e tecnológicos. Tal homomorfismo torna possível uma transdução de certa ordem de uma modalidade para outra. Deste modo, por exemplo, um sistema de informações médicas é o resultado da transdução de uma ordem própria da modalidade biótica para a modalidade informatória (linguística). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Libertando-se da Dicotomia Ordem-Desordem&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um dos principais ataques da crítica Dooyeweerdiana do pensamento teórico se dirige contra o fato dele ter se baseado em falsas dicotomias, em “ground-motives” dualísticos. Essas dicotomias forçam os pensadores a entrar em mecanismos dialéticos ao gerar suas visões de mundo. Uma antiga variante dessas dicotomias é o motivo ordem/desordem (ou caos e liberdade). De Raadt aplica isso ao projeto de sistemas de informação, sugerindo que a abordagem evolucionária do desenvolvimento de sistemas, de Dell e Goolishian (1981), está ligada ao pólo da ordem, enquanto que a abordagem de engenharia, que assume que a criatividade está completamente sob o controle do projetista individual, está ligada ao pólo da desordem (note que nós estamos falando aqui sobre a ordem que é imposta à equipe de projetos, em lugar de imposta por ela). Depois de notar o fato paradoxal de que ambas as abordagens tendem à tirania, e afirmando com Dooyeweerd que a ordem/desordem é uma falsa dicotomia, De Raadt sugere que "A abordagem multi-modal ... pode nos permitir para aumentar ordem que produz progresso humano em lugar de opressão. Oferece também a oportunidade de introduzir tecnologia de uma forma culta e humanitária, de uma forma que não nos conduza à servidão tecnológica por um lado ou a um anarquismo “Luddita” (alguém que se opôe ao avanço tecnológico; termo aplicado no século 19 a trabalhadores que destruíam máquinas nas fábricas na inglaterra – nota do tradutor) por outro." De Raadt funda a aparentemente utópica reivindicação acima no requisito que o processo de transdução de ordens entre modalidades assegurará que "não só uma, mas todas as modalidades da vida humana ... estejam presente no projeto." Veja “Levando Tudo em Consideração”, acima. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Qualificando as Modalidades&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nem todos os sistemas funcionam da mesma maneira em todas as modalidades. Alguns sistemas naturais são limitados, de forma que eles funcionam como sujeitos só em algumas modalidades (por exemplo, plantas podem funcionar como sujeitos nas modalidades física e biótica, mas apenas como objetos nas modalidades econômica ou jurídica). Adicionalmente, um sistema projetado normalmente tem uma modalidade que o qualifica, que, como de Raadt diz, confere ao sistema sua missão última, caráter e singularidade. Ele confusamente chama esta modalidade a 'esfera de soberania' do sistema (algo diferente do conceito Dooyeweerdiano de 'soberania de esfera'). Um banco é qualificado pela modalidade econômica, e um hospital pela biótica. A modalidade qualificativa fornece as leis que são a autoridade principal para aquele sistema, e que definem seus direitos e deveres. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O Sistema de Informação em Contexto&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Quando tecnologia de informações é empregada existe tensão entre integração e continuidade, por um lado, e expansão da missão do sistema por outro. Porém a abordagem de Dooyeweerd pode manter ambos os lados em um equilíbrio apropriado. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Integração de sistema e continuidade&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porque todos os sistemas compartilham o mesmo conjunto de modalidades, nós temos tanto a esperança como a necessidade de realizar a integração quando um novo sistema é introduzido. Isto envolve não somente a integração técnica mas em todas as modalidades em que o sistema opera. Pode haver conseqüentemente alguma esperança de continuidade quando um novo sistema é introduzido na situação de trabalho. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Expansão da missão do sistema&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Porém, a introdução de um sistema em um contexto de trabalho pode mudar o contexto. Deste modo por exemplo, um sistema de informações médicas poderia levar a mudar práticas médicas, que por sua vez levam ao desenvolvimento adicional do sistema, como tem sido discutido por Carroll (1990) no que ele chamou de “ciclo de tarefa-artefato”. Tal expansão pode ser inovadora bem como interativa, porque a transdução de uma modalidade em outra (ver analogia) pode estimular novas idéias. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Idéias Dooyeweerdianas como Integração&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Realismo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O realismo filosófico tradicional enfatiza o conhecido, o objeto sofredor da ação, dando pouca atenção ao conhecedor, o sujeito da ação. Em versões extremas (como na ciência positivista) a relevância do sujeito (por exemplo o pesquisador como pessoa) é completamente negada, partindo-se apenas do objeto. Acredita-se, então, que as leis devam ser determinísticas em lugar de normativas. Isto sempre conduz a um estreitamento, tanto do enfoque na investigação científica como da ação resultante dentro das arenas pessoal, econômica ou política, freqüentemente caindo em um reducionismo. Alguns dos mais óbvios reducionismos tem sido reconhecidos amplamente - a investigação científica tem sido reduzida ao materialismo e ao racionalismo, enquanto ação tem sido freqüentemente reduzida a questões técnicas ou financeiras. &lt;br /&gt;Abordagens de qualquer coisa na vida (por exemplo do planejamento urbano) que são baseadas em filosofias realistas trazem o perigo do reducionismo, ao ignorar aspectos importantes. Um aspecto pode não estar sendo apresentado como absoluto, mas a abordagem como um todo estar desequilibrada, dando demasiada ênfase a um aspecto em detrimento dos outros. Essa postura ameaça a sustentabilidade do ambiente ou sistema com o qual nós estamos lidando.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Na Inglaterra industrial do século XIX, por exemplo, a ênfase estava muitas vezes na provisão de moradia física para a mão-de-obra humana das fábricas, em suas redondezas. Questões biológicas como a saúde ou estéticas como beleza eram raramente consideradas, resultando em cortiços que vieram a ser derrubados depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ao planejar sua substituição, espaços abertos, limpeza e linhas esteticamente limpas foram enfatizadas, enquanto assuntos sociais e de mobilidade, por exemplo, foram ignoradas, resultando em esquemas desumanizantes caros e com problemas de manutenção. Estes esquemas estão agora sendo substituídos, o que dá eles uma vida até mais curta que os cortiços que eles substituíram. Isso sugere que eles eram menos sustentáveis. Tratando-se de planejamento urbano, o desequilíbrio em certa cultura depende do que se pensa naquele momento sobre a natureza do objeto, no caso o ambiente construído. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Outro problema com o planejamento baseado na filosofia de realista é que, em razão de o sujeito ser desconsiderado, os efeitos da ação e o conhecimento dos sujeitos são freqüentemente ignorados. Um ótimo e óbvio exemplo disso é o sistema rodoviário, no qual os objetos são o sistema de transporte e os volumes transportados, enquanto os sujeitos são os que dirigem e os que planejam as viagens. Até recentemente os efeitos do sujeito no tráfego gerado pelo sistema eram ignorados e até mesmo negados. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Nominalismo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A abordagem oposta, no binômio sujeito-objeto, é a baseada em filosofias nominalistas, das quais o existencialismo é uma forma extrema e, em Sistemas de Informação, o construtivismo é uma versão comum. Nessas abordagens o objeto é negado, partindo-se apenas do sujeito cognoscente e agente (mesmo essa aproximação diferente continua negando o lado de lei.). Essa abordagem pervade a pós-modernidade (Lyon, 1995) e, em círculos científicos, os paradigmas construcionistas e interpretivistas. O nominalismo reivindica a capacidade de evitar os perigos do reducionismo reconhecendo as visões e desejos de todos. Embora tenha algum sucesso com tal solução, carrega três problemas: Primeiro, nenhum ponto de referência externo é reconhecido ou mesmo permitido, não existindo assim nenhuma certeza de que planejando de acordo com estes desejos subjetivos chegaríamos de fato a uma situação de bem-estar ou sustentabilidade. Segundo, quando desejos e visões das pessoas ou grupos diferentes parecem incompatíveis, não há nenhum padrão por que chegar em consenso. Terceiro, existe o perigo real de que os que gritam mais alto sejam ouvidos, enquanto grupos menos articulados, e aqueles que não podem defender seus direitos, como animais ou crianças mais jovens, tendam a ser ignorados - a menos que sua causa seja sustentada por outros. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assim, embora menos reducionistas que as abordagens baseadas no realismo, as abordagens nominalistas não trazem ainda nenhuma garantia de sustentabilidade. Não existe nem mesmo uma garantia de que a sustentabilidade será maior do que com abordagens baseadas em filosofias realistas. As abordagens de matiz nominalista tornam a integração e a inter-comunicação difícil. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Integrando Sujeito e Objeto&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A abordagem filosófica de Dooyeweerd (1953) foi desenvolvida de um ponto de partida radicalmente diferente, que questiona até as suposições feitas pelos gregos sobre existência e significado. Uma de suas reivindicações é a integração sujeito-objeto. Diferentemente das aproximações nominalistas, Dooyeweerd reconheceu uma realidade externa que é independente da ação e do conhecimento do sujeito. Por causa disto, Dooyeweerd achou originalmente que ele mesmo um realista, mas mais tarde ele se distanciou do realismo (Henderson, 1994). Isto aconteceu porque ele viu claramente que nós, sujeitos agentes e cognoscentes, somos parte da realidade externa; ela é independente de nós mas nunca separada de nós. Nós somos afetados por ela mas também a afetamos e temos visões e desejos em relação a ela.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Nós ficamos preocupados com a sustentabilidade cada vez em que se torna claro que ela está ameaçada. Trabalhando mais de cinqüenta anos atrás, Dooyeweerd não usou esse termo, mas se referiu à 'saúde ' ou bom funcionamento de um sistema e deu isto um significado de longo prazo. Sua reivindicação é que tal 'saúde' ou sustentabilidade só pode ser alcançada se nós compreendermos a natureza e, ele diria, o significado das leis que governam a nós e à toda a realidade externa. A filosofia realista leva seus aderentes a reduzir todos os tipos de leis a um único tipo, como as leis de física, da lógica, ou da biologia evolutiva, etc. filosofia nominalista leva seus aderentes à negação de todas as leis. Dooyeweerd buscou escapar de ambos os perigos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pressuposições&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Os problemas do o realismo e do nominalismo são muito profundos, encontrando-se em suas pressuposições filosóficas subjacentes (suposições). Existe pouca esperança de que eles possam ser melhorados bastando-se uma boa afinação (tunning). Embora profundas, e não imediatamente óbvias, as pressuposições filosóficas, sempre se revelam com o tempo. Assim, se nós pretendemos buscar uma abordagem bem fundamentada para os Sistemas de Informação, ou para sustentabilidade dos ambientes construídos, ela deverá se basear em suposições filosóficas diferentes, especialmente quanto à relação entre sujeito e objeto. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De fato, Dooyeweerd leva o assunto um passo além, reivindicando que o que parece a princípio ser um conjunto de pressuposições filosóficas pode envolver pressuposições religiosas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pressuposições religiosas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um elemento chave do pensamento de Dooyeweerd é o de que nenhuma esfera da vida é ‘neutra’. Em particular, a ciência e pensamento lógico não são neutros - um fato que nós reconhecemos prontamente hoje mas que não era concebido pela maioria das pessoas quando Dooyeweerd estava ainda em atividade. Esta não-neutralidade não foi somente reivindicada mas demonstrada por Dooyeweerd – a partir da demonstração de que a pessoa humana sempre tem pressuposições religiosas. 'Religioso' aqui não tem a ver com cerimônias e credos, mas antes com a nossa visão do que é auto-dependente (isto é claramente explicado por Clouser, 1992). De acordo com Dooyeweerd, tudo é dependente do Deus Vivo, que sozinho é auto-dependente. Mesmo as leis da aritmética e da lógica dependem dele (que é por que, talvez, o debate entre cristãos dizendo por um lado que Deus é três, e os judeus e muçulmanos dizendo que Deus é um, pode estar um pouco desencaminhado). Ele é o desenhista e criador de todas as leis e não está sujeito a nenhuma delas - ainda que elas reflitam verdadeiramente o seu caráter. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Motivos-Base&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Isso significa que os Motivos-Base que foram mencionados no princípio são essencialmente religiosos em sua natureza. Eles refletem o que nós acreditamos de mais fundamentalmente sobre a natureza de realidade, incluindo Deus. Isso acontece de um modo que, enquanto nem todo mundo sustenta um dado motivo-base pessoalmente, certos motivos prevalecem em períodos da história e guiam a direção de pensamento teórico. Dooyeweerd sugere que existiram quatro motivos-base durante os últimos 2,500 anos. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Matéria-Forma (grego) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Criação, Queda, Redenção (hebreu) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Natureza-Graça (Católico Romano Medieval; Escolástico) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Determinismo-Liberdade (Moderno; Renascimento/Iluminismo) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Todos menos o segundo são dualísticos em natureza, e desse modo resultam na divisão da realidade temporal em dois, e assim em sua conseqüente desintegração. &lt;br /&gt;O motivo natureza-graça surgiu de uma tentativa de fundir os dois primeiros, e isto levou a toda sorte de opressões e distorções. que eventualmente, por sua vez, conduziram as pessoas intelectuais à uma de duas reações: uma delas foi a Reforma, que buscou recuperar algo do motivo puro Criação-Queda-Redenção. A outra reação foi o Renascimento que, assumindo que o problema estava com a parte “divina” (Deus) da síntese, buscou para removê-la do pólo da Graça, desse modo produzindo o pólo “Liberdade” do motivo-base moderno.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;(Análise de Vollenhoven da história de pensamento teórico em três fases é similar: Pré-síntese, quando os primeiros dois motivos existiam em comunidades separadas, Síntese, quando eles foram fundidos, e Anti-síntese, quando buscaram quebrar a síntese.) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ter um motivo-base dualístico é realmente ser contrário às leis do aspecto pístico. Conseqüentemente, desde que nós não podemos pôr de lado estas leis, elas terão um efeito, e um efeito profundo e duradouro. Desde que o aspecto pístico é o último, ele é, de acordo com Hart (1984), aberto a Deus, o único que permite que o ser humano tenha contato com Deus. É também o que nos afeta mais profundamente e influencia nosso funcionamento em todos outros aspectos. Isso não quer dizer que nosso funcionamento nos outros aspectos necessariamente será contrário às leis daqueles aspectos, mas antes que ele afeta a soma total de nosso funcionamento e nossa personalidade como um todo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Assim Dooyeweerd manteve que era importante, não só de um ponto de vista religioso, mas também do ponto de vista da vida saudável em sociedade e no ambiente, bem como do ponto de vista da ciência sã, que nós sustentemos o Motivo-Base hebreu, como visto através da revelação na Bíblia. Isto será, obviamente, inaceitável para muitos, e eles desejarão rejeitar ao menos esta reivindicação de Dooyeweerd; outros, porém, não podendo sustentar o resto do sistema de pensamento sem esta reivindicação específica, rejeitarão o sistema inteiro. Mas justamente isso fornece evidência substancial à tese de Dooyeweerd de que tudo é em última instância religioso. &lt;br /&gt;Por essa razão o livro de Clouser (1992) é intitulado O Mito da Neutralidade Religiosa. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Uma Tentativa de Erguer um Sistema Filosófico Cristão&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A motivação principal por trás do trabalho de Dooyeweerd foi a formação de uma estrutura filosófica que fosse Cristã e Bíblica, ou pelo menos que não fosse anti-cristã. Agora, com isto ele não quis dizer uma filosofia formada de frases ou doutrinas bíblicas. Nem pretendeu excluir todo outro pensamento religioso, seja secular, islâmico, hindu, ateístico, etc. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd buscou conscientizar seu público de que nossas pressuposições subjacentes devem estar de acordo com o que Deus nos revelou via revelação Bíblica. Ele se incomodava com fato de que as idéias Bíblicas não pareciam ajustar-se 'confortavelmente' à maior parte do pensamento teórico, e também não ficava satisfeito com a explicação dada tanto por secularistas como por fundamentalistas de que a religião não tem nada a ver com este mundo de ciência, tecnologia, negócios e pensamento particular. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um exemplo: como foi discutido acima, os gregos assumiram que o fato primário sobre uma coisa é que ela existe, e que existe em seu próprio direito. Já a revelação Bíblica diz que tudo é dependente do Deus de Criador, e que nada pode ser verdadeiramente conhecido sem referência a ele. Assim, toda tentativa de “saber” uma coisa sem ter Deus como referência está condenada ao fracasso, não importando o quão promissora ela possa parecer inicialmente. Outro exemplo: nós experimentamos o significado, e experimentamos de um modo que integra nossa experiência das coisas ao nosso redor. Até o momento ninguém explicou satisfatoriamente o significado levando em conta essa integração. Dooyeweerd acreditava que a solução seria encontrada em Deus. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ele estava convencido de que existia uma explicação mais profunda, e deu a sua vida para descobrí-la. Primeiro ele voltou ao princípio do pensamento teórico (os gregos) e levou adiante o seu trabalho até à compilação de uma crítica cuidadosa: o Volume 1 de sua “Nova Crítica do Pensamento Teorético”. Mas ele pretendeu ser apenas ser negativo. Aceitou assim o desafio de construir uma estrutura alternativa, que não começasse já evitando Deus em princípio, e que fosse consistente. Ele buscou levar em conta a unidade e diversidade que nós experimentamos, todas as ciências e conhecimentos, bem como nossas experiências diárias. Em tudo isso seu desejo era erguer um sistema que pudesse penetrar nos debates intelectuais em seus próprios termos, mantendo ainda a relevância de Deus. Ele buscou isso para ser capaz de lidar com assuntos como: qual é a relação entre Deus e o cosmos que nós experimentamos e no qual vivemos? Os resultados deste trabalho formam os Volumes 2 e 3 de sua obra. &lt;br /&gt;Eu creio que Dooyeweerd teve sucesso em lançar um fundamento ou um ponto de partida útil; entretanto, muito refinamento ainda precisa ser feito. Talvez haja uma falha crítica capaz de invalidar todo o sistema que ele produziu – mas isso nós só descobriremos mergulhando em seu pensamento explorando-o de verdade. &lt;br /&gt;(Alguns cristãos são muito hostis às idéias de Dooyeweerd. Eu acredito que em sua hostilidade é baseada em parte em um engano, e em parte em um tipo pagão de fundamentalismo. Isso será discutido numa página separada). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Referências&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Carroll J M, (1990), "Infinite detail and emulation in an ontologically minimized HCI", in Chew J C, &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whiteside J (eds.), "Empowering People: CHI'90 Conference Proceedings", New York, ACM Press. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clouser R, (1992), The myth of religious neutrality in science and philosophy , University of Notre Dame Press. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;de Raadt J D R, (1991), "Information and Managerial Wisdom", Pocatello, Idaho, Paradigm. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;de Raadt J D R, (1994), "Enhancing the horizon of information systems design: information technology and cultural ecology". &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;de Raadt J D R, (1996), "What the prophet and the philosopher told their nations: a multi-modal systems view of norms and civilisation", accepted for World Futures. &lt;br /&gt;de Raadt V D, de Raadt J D R, (1996), "A multi-modal and systemic critique to redesign the family", Proc. Swehol Working Conference, Maarssen, Utrecht, Netherlands, April 1996. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dell P F, Goolishian H A, (1981), "Order through fluctuation: an evolutionary epistemology for human systems", Australian Journal of Family therapy, v.2, pp.175-184. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd H. (1953-1955), "A new critique of theoretical thought", Vol. I- IV, Paideia Press (1975 edition), Ontario. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Grahn A, Bergvall B, (1994), "Performance indicators in Soft Systems Methodology", Proc. of 17th IRIS Confce (Information Systems Research seminar In Scandinavia), Oslo, Aug. 6-9 1994. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hart H, (1984), Understanding Our World: An Integral Ontology , University Press of America. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hirschheim R, Klein HK, (1989), "Four paradigms of information systems development", Comm. ACM, v. 32 (10), 1199-1216. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kalsbeek (1975), Contours of a Christian Philsophy , Wedge Publishing Company, Toronto, Canada. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Polanyi M, (1967), The Tacit Dimension , Routledge and Kegan Paul. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vickers G, (1983), "Human systems are different", Harper and Row. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Copyright (c) Andrew Basden, 8 de maio de 1998. &lt;br /&gt;Traduzido com permissão do autor por Guilherme Vilela Carvalho, 06 de Dezembro de 2003. Comentários, perguntas e e-mails são bem-vindos, para nucleodeestudoscristãos@yahoo.com.br. &lt;br /&gt;Versão em português: 06 de Dezembro de 2002. &lt;br /&gt;Versão em inglês: Latest version: 8 June 1998. 24 September 1998 a bit more on neglecting aspects. 28 February 1999 altered re entity thinking and made link to new page there. 28 June 1999 link to new normativity page. 23 October 1999 links to God.cosmos.html. 24 November 1999 links to science. 7 February 2001 copyright, email. 19 September 2001 inserted Dependency heading; added anticipation and retrocipation. Started to move this summary away from I.T. Added paradox and antinomy. 28 June 2002 'more' link on presupp and gm. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.freewebs.com/guilhermecarvalho/Dooyeweerd/Basdenondooy.htm"&gt;Fonte: http://www.freewebs.com/guilhermecarvalho/Dooyeweerd/Basdenondooy.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-609935394294066959?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/609935394294066959/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/sumrio-da-filosofia-cosmonmica-uma.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/609935394294066959'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/609935394294066959'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/sumrio-da-filosofia-cosmonmica-uma.html' title='SUMÁRIO DA FILOSOFIA COSMONÔMICA - Uma Introdução na Perspectiva da Tecnologia da Informação pelo Prof. Dr. Andrew Basden'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXoCQB6BkxI/AAAAAAAAAOs/Q7CygWZRfvI/s72-c/Prof.+Guilherme+e+Dr.+Andrew+Basden.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-5710801085671173508</id><published>2009-01-23T08:55:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-23T09:09:51.829-08:00</updated><title type='text'>INDUBITAVELMENTE O FILÓSOFO HOLANDÊS MAIS FORMIDÁVEL DO SÉCULO XX</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXn3q2hW40I/AAAAAAAAAOc/5kMMsv3kT6g/s1600-h/Herman+Dooyeweerd3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 304px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXn3q2hW40I/AAAAAAAAAOc/5kMMsv3kT6g/s400/Herman+Dooyeweerd3.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294535152512721730" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dr. P.B. Cliteur, presidente da Liga Humanista dos Países Baixos e professor de filosofia na Universidade Técnica de Delft escreveu em 8 de outubro de 1994: "Herman Dooyeweerd é indubitavelmente o filósofo holandês mais formidável do século 20. ... Como um humanista eu sempre olhei para a minha própria tradição em busca de exemplos semelhantes. Eles simplesmente não existem. Claro, humanistas escreveram muitos livros importantes, mas no caso de Herman Dooyeweerd nós estamos justificados em falar sobre um filósofo de reputação internacional." &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Na ocasião da comemoração do 70° aniversário de Dooyeweerd um artigo apareceu no Jornal holandês ‘Trouw' (6 de outubro, 1964). Foi escrito pelo prof. G.E. Langemeijer, um jurista da Universidade de Leiden, procurador geral da suprema corte holandesa e presidente da Academia Real Holandesa de Ciências. Ele explicitamente mencionou que vem de "uma visão de mundo totalmente diferente" e continuou observando que Dooyeweerd pode ser chamado "o filósofo mais original que a Holanda já produziu, incluindo Spinoza." &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Giorgio Delvecchio, o grande filósofo Italiano Neo-Kantiano, considerou Dooyeweerd "o filósofo mais profundo, inovador, e penetrante desde Kant." &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd, pioneiro da filosofia calvinística&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apresentação por John Witte Jr., na introdução de "Uma Teoria Cristã de Instituições Sociais" (Herman Dooyeweerd, trad. Magnus Verbrugge. 1986, Fundação Herman Dooyeweerd.) Traduzido do Inglês com permissão por Guilherme Carvalho. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd nasceu em Amsterdã em 1894, filho de pais Calvinistas. Em 1912 ele se matriculou como um estudante de direito na Universidade Livre de Amsterdã, uma instituição Cristã fundada em 1880. Cinco anos mais tarde obteve o doutorado em direito. [A Dissertação de Dooyeweerd, De Ministerraad em Nederlandsche Staatsrecht (O Parlamento na Lei Constitucional holandesa) foi escrita sob a supervisão de D.P.D. Fabius, um teorista constitucional.] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De 1918 até 1921 Dooyeweerd trabalhou no Departamento holandês do Trabalho como um escrivão legislativo. Do final de 1921 até à metade de 1926 serviu como diretor assistente da recentemente organizada Fundação Dr. Abraham Kuyper, um órgão de pesquisa e ação política do Partido Anti-Revolucionário dos Países Baixos (ver "O Legado de Kuyper," abaixo). Lá ele foi responsável não só pelo encaminhamento dos assuntos imediatos de política que surgiam diante do Partido Anti-Revolucionário, mas também pela elaboração dos princípios Calvinistas de lei, política, e sociedade sobre os quais Partido tinha sido estabelecido cerca de 80 anos antes. Foi ao se desincumbir desta responsabilidade - uma responsabilidade em que ele mesmo insistiu -que Dooyeweerd começou &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) a estudar sistematicamente as teorias Calvinistas tradicionais do direito, política, e sociedade; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2) a explorar as estruturas e organização de várias sociedades históricas; e &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3) se empenhar criticamente numa grande variedade de teorias presentes e passadas de lei, política, e sociedade. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Seu trabalho nestes quatro anos culminou em cinco artigos principais, incluindo um tratado de quinze partes, "Na Luta por uma Política Cristã" [Herman Dooyeweerd, "In den strijd om een Christelijke Staatkunde. de Proeve een fundeering der Calvinistische levens- en wereldbeschouwing in hare Wetsidee," I Antirevolutionaire Staatkunde (daqui em diante A.R.S.) 7-25 62- 79, 104-118, 161-173, 189-200, 228-244, 309-324, 433-460, 489-504, 528- 542 581-598, 617-634, (1924-5); 2 A.R.S. 244-65, 425-445 (1926). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A.R.S. era o jornal mensal da Fundação Dr. Abraham Kuyper, que Dooyeweerd editou por vários anos. Este trabalho aparecerá como o volume B5 das Obras Completas de Dooyeweerd.] e uma importante monografia sobre “O Calvinismo e Lei Natural” (contido no volume B1 das Obras Completas de Dooyeweerd). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXn3yux8poI/AAAAAAAAAOk/7HeInLfZpS0/s1600-h/Herman+Dooyeweerd4.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 390px; height: 365px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXn3yux8poI/AAAAAAAAAOk/7HeInLfZpS0/s400/Herman+Dooyeweerd4.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294535287873775234" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em 1926 Dooyeweerd retornou à sua alma mater como um professor de filosofia do direito, história do direito holandês, e enciclopédia de leis. Ele reteve esta posição até sua aposentadoria em 1965. Nos primeiros cinco ou seis anos de sua docência, ele mudou o enfoque de sua pesquisa e publicações dos assuntos mais gerais de teoria política e social Calvinista para perguntas complicadas de doutrina e filosofia do direito. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em uma série de brilhantes artigos, ele analisou, historicamente e filosoficamente, as questões complicadas da causalidade jurídica, culpa, responsabilidade, propriedade, e fontes da lei. Desde o princípio, porém, ele insistiu em ver estas questões legais, como também questões de política e sociedade, no contexto de uma teoria mais ampla da natureza e destino do homem (antropologia), do ser e da ordem (ontologia), e do conhecimento e suas fontes (epistemologia). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nos anos 30 Dooyeweerd começou a elaborar sistematicamente e em detalhes estes três campos filosóficos para mostrar a sua importância na definição e solução de assuntos de lei, ciência política, sociologia, e muitas outras ciências. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primeiramente ele articulou suas visões em “A Crise de Teoria Política Humanística à Luz da Cosmologia e Epistemologia Calvinista (1931) (De Crisis der Humanistischen Staatsleer in het Licht eener Calvinistische Kosmologie en Kennistheorie [Amsterdã: 1931)]. Mas esse trabalho foi rapidamente eclipsado por sua revolucionária obra em três volumes, “A Filosofia da Idéia Cosmonômica” (1935-1936) [De Wijsbegeerte der Wetsidee (Amsterdã: 1935-36)]. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enquanto seus artigos de uma década antes tinham feito avanços apenas rudimentares nos ensinos Calvinistas tradicionais, as idéias e análises apresentadas nestes volumes posteriores eram contribuições profundas e originais, arraigadas no pensamento Calvinista. Eles permaneceram no centro de sistema filosófico do Dooyeweerd para o resto de sua vida. Sua obra nos quarenta anos seguintes era, em muitos aspectos, uma amplificação e aplicação das idéias seminais desenvolvidas neste período formativo. Ele ampliou sua antropologia e sua crítica de teorias tradicionais em uma série de artigos e revisões, e então em uma obra em três volumes, “Reforma e Escolasticismo em Filosofia” [volumes A5, A6 A7 das Obras Completas de Dooyeweerd]. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ele ampliou sua ontologia e epistemologia em vários artigos subseqüentes e em edições e traduções posteriores de sua “Filosofia da Idéia Cosmonômica”. Ao mesmo tempo, ele retomou seu tratamento detalhado das perguntas de lei, política, e sociedade com que ele começou sua carreira. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sistematizou muitos de seus conceitos de direito e política e “afiou” sua análise antiga da história de teoria legal e política em seu trabalho de dois volumes, “Enciclopédia de Ciência do Direito” [Encyclopacdie der Rechtswetenschap – a aparecer como volumes A8 - A12 das Obras completas de Dooyeweerd]. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ele elaborou também sua teoria social em vários artigos e revisões nos anos 40 e 50. Um dos mais importantes dentre estes trabalhos é a obra “Dez Conferências de Sociologia”, que é traduzida no volume mencionado acima nas Fontes - será republicado no B-Série do Obras completas de Dooyeweerd. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dooyeweerd permaneceu um estudioso profundo e prolífico até à sua morte em 1977. No curso de sua vida, ele publicou mais de 200 livros e artigos, presidiu numerosas sociedades legais, filosóficas e simpósios, editou uma variedade de publicações acadêmicas e populares, e ensinou extensamente na Europa e América do Norte. Embora a novidade de suas idéias, e a acuidade de suas críticas outros pensadores tenha freqüentemente tornado o seu trabalho um objeto de controvérsia, Dooyeweerd angariou o respeito e o louvor tanto de aderentes como de antagonistas. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ele foi um líder Cristão polivalente ganhando a atenção dos estudiosos em cada disciplina na qual buscou integrar fé e conhecimento. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;O legado de Kuyper &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A Fundação Abraham Kuyper foi estabelecida com a morte de Kuyper (1837- 1920), um brilhante teólogo Calvinista, pastor, jornalista, e político. Como teólogo e pastor, Kuyper articulou uma teologia Calvinista sistemática rica, revitalizou as raízes do calvinismo nos Países Baixos, e liderou em 1886 a separação (Scheiding) das novas igrejas reformadas (Gereformeerde Kerken) da igreja reformada antiga (Hervormde Kerk). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Como um político e jornalista, ele reorganizou o Partido Político Anti-revolucionário e o trouxe ao poder, servindo como Primeiro-Ministro dos Países Baixos de 1901 a 1905. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ao longo de sua carreira, Kuyper permaneceu comprometido com a aplicação de reformas a todas as veredas da vida. &lt;strong&gt;Nesse espírito, ele fundou a Universidade Livre de Amsterdã em 1880, exigindo na Constituição da Universidade que todas as esferas de erudição fossem imbuídas de princípios Calvinistas.&lt;/strong&gt; Nesse espírito, ele apresentou também suas “Palestras sobre o Calvinismo” (em português; cf. "bibliografia comentada", na página principal) na Universidade de Princeton em 1898, articulando os princípios Calvinistas básicos de religião, política, lei, ciência, e arte. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nesse espírito também, seguidores de Kuyper (Colijn e Idenburg) articularam quando de sua morte a Fundação Dr. Abraham Kuyper, cuja missão é fornecer um foro para articular princípios Calvinistas de lei, política, sociedade e economia, em busca de soluções para assuntos específicos de política. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Apreciação de outros estudiosos &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Em conclusão, três apreciações são mencionadas: &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Dr. P.B. Cliteur, presidente da Liga Humanista dos Países Baixos e professor de filosofia na Universidade Técnica de Delft escreveu em 8 de outubro de 1994: "Herman Dooyeweerd é indubitavelmente o filósofo holandês mais formidável do século 20. ... Como um humanista eu sempre olhei para a minha própria tradição em busca de exemplos semelhantes. Eles simplesmente não existem. Claro, humanistas escreveram muitos livros importantes, mas no caso de Herman Dooyeweerd nós estamos justificados em falar sobre um filósofo de reputação internacional." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Na ocasião da comemoração do 70° aniversário de Dooyeweerd um artigo apareceu no Jornal holandês ‘Trouw' (6 de outubro, 1964). Foi escrito pelo prof. G.E. Langemeijer, um jurista da Universidade de Leiden, procurador geral da suprema corte holandesa e presidente da Academia Real Holandesa de Ciências. Ele explicitamente mencionou que vem de "uma visão de mundo totalmente diferente" e continuou observando que Dooyeweerd pode ser chamado "o filósofo mais original que a Holanda já produziu, incluindo Spinoza." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Giorgio Delvecchio, o grande filósofo Italiano Neo-Kantiano, considerou Dooyeweerd "o filósofo mais profundo, inovador, e penetrante desde Kant." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.freewebs.com/guilhermecarvalho/Dooyeweerd/Dooypage.htm"&gt;Fonte: http://www.freewebs.com/guilhermecarvalho/Dooyeweerd/Dooypage.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-5710801085671173508?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/5710801085671173508/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/indubitavelmente-o-filsofo-holands-mais.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/5710801085671173508'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/5710801085671173508'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/indubitavelmente-o-filsofo-holands-mais.html' title='INDUBITAVELMENTE O FILÓSOFO HOLANDÊS MAIS FORMIDÁVEL DO SÉCULO XX'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXn3q2hW40I/AAAAAAAAAOc/5kMMsv3kT6g/s72-c/Herman+Dooyeweerd3.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-6827499959542750389</id><published>2009-01-23T08:19:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-23T08:35:37.671-08:00</updated><title type='text'>HERMAN DOOYEWEERD, JURISTA E FILÓSOFO, O PAI DA FILOSOFIA REFORMACIONAL</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxREpVjAI/AAAAAAAAAOE/B78pVBuumvY/s1600-h/Herman+Dooyeweerd1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 283px; height: 351px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxREpVjAI/AAAAAAAAAOE/B78pVBuumvY/s400/Herman+Dooyeweerd1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294528112557919234" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;HERMAN DOOYEWEERD, PIONEIRO DA FILOSOFIA CALVINÍSTICA E REFORMACIONAL&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"O filósofo mais profundo, inovador e penetrante desde Kant", conforme o filósofo Dr. Giorgio Delvecchio.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Artigos sobre Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.freewebs.com/guilhermecarvalho/Dooyeweerd/Dooypage.htm"&gt;Uma Breve Biografia de Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guilhermedecarvalho.com/Dooyeweerd/Filosofando%20Coram%20Deo.pdf"&gt;Philosophando Coram Deo: Uma apresentação panorâmica da Vida, Pensamento e Antecedentes Intelectuais de Herman Dooyeweerd - (Fabiano Almeida Oliveira) - NOVO!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.guilhermedecarvalho.com/Dooyeweerd/HD_reformadordarazao.pdf"&gt;Herman Dooyeweerd: Reformador da Razão. Introdução Editorial à Obra "No Crepúsculo do Pensamento Ocidental", de Herman Dooyeweerd, no prelo (Guilherme de Carvalho) - NOVO!&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxidN-wWI/AAAAAAAAAOM/uwwzQZBJ63U/s1600-h/Herman+Dooyweerd.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 117px; height: 105px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxidN-wWI/AAAAAAAAAOM/uwwzQZBJ63U/s400/Herman+Dooyweerd.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294528411211841890" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.mackenzie.com.br/fileadmin/Graduacao/EST/Publicacoes_-_artigos/carvalho_3.pdf"&gt;Poder Político e Justiça Social na Filosofia Reformacional de Herman Dooyeweerd (Guilherme Carvalho)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.freewebs.com/guilhermecarvalho/Dooyeweerd/Basdenondooy.htm"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um Sumário da Filosofia Cosmonômica (Andrew Basden)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Links para o pensamento de Herman Dooyeweerd&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://alpha.redeemer.ca/dooyeweerd/"&gt;The Dooyeweerd Centre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.members.shaw.ca/jgfriesen/Mainheadings/Dooyeweerd.html"&gt;Dooyeweerd (Dr. J. Glenn Friesen Website)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allofliferedeemed.co.uk/dooyeweerd.htm"&gt;All Life Redeemed: Dooyeweerd Links&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxtjmQuGI/AAAAAAAAAOU/ePHjvWYbBEs/s1600-h/Herman+Dooyeweerd.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 140px; height: 211px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxtjmQuGI/AAAAAAAAAOU/ePHjvWYbBEs/s400/Herman+Dooyeweerd.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294528601902856290" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.isi.salford.ac.uk/dooy/"&gt;The Dooyeweerd Pages&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.allofliferedeemed.co.uk/"&gt;OUTROS TEÓRICOS REFORMACIONAIS&lt;br /&gt;http://www.allofliferedeemed.co.uk/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-6827499959542750389?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/6827499959542750389/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/herman-dooyeweerd-jurista-e-filsofo-o.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6827499959542750389'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/6827499959542750389'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/herman-dooyeweerd-jurista-e-filsofo-o.html' title='&lt;strong&gt;HERMAN DOOYEWEERD, JURISTA E FILÓSOFO, O PAI DA FILOSOFIA REFORMACIONAL&lt;/strong&gt;'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXnxREpVjAI/AAAAAAAAAOE/B78pVBuumvY/s72-c/Herman+Dooyeweerd1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5149699366760142307.post-2751615253552386466</id><published>2009-01-23T08:08:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-01-23T08:16:04.866-08:00</updated><title type='text'>COMPROMISSO DO INTELECTUAL CRISTÃO</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXntMyyA6II/AAAAAAAAAN8/QK_g1h7jXr0/s1600-h/Herman+Dooyeweerd.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 140px; height: 211px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXntMyyA6II/AAAAAAAAAN8/QK_g1h7jXr0/s400/Herman+Dooyeweerd.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5294523640996489346" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(...)cada assunto que Dooyeweerd abordava como um filósofo, ele examinava a partir  das pressuposições cristãs. Ele, como Kuyper antes dele e Van Til e Rushdoony em seu próprio tempo, enfatizou o pensamento cristão sendo aplicado a todas as áreas da vida. Ele adverte os eruditos cristãos, dizendo: “Todos os cristãos que em sua obra &lt;br /&gt;científica se envergonham do nome de Jesus Cristo, porque desejam honra entre as pessoas, serão totalmente inúteis na poderosa luta de recapturar a ciência, um dos maiores poderes da cultura Ocidental, para o Reino de Deus.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.monergismo.com/textos/filosofia/dooyeweerd-rushdoony_ben-house.pdf"&gt;Fonte e Clique aqui para continuar a ler: http://www.monergismo.com/textos/filosofia/dooyeweerd-rushdoony_ben-house.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/5149699366760142307-2751615253552386466?l=hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/feeds/2751615253552386466/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/compromisso-do-intelectual-cristo.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2751615253552386466'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/5149699366760142307/posts/default/2751615253552386466'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://hermandooyeweerd.blogspot.com/2009/01/compromisso-do-intelectual-cristo.html' title='COMPROMISSO DO INTELECTUAL CRISTÃO'/><author><name>PROF. LUIS CAVALCANTE</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10154032505707400189</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/TC59Czq-PMI/AAAAAAAAAyw/VSgYOIjB9Kk/S220/Cavalcante+-+www.direito.com.br.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_yqcQKQslZLs/SXntMyyA6II/AAAAAAAAAN8/QK_g1h7jXr0/s72-c/Herman+Dooyeweerd.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
